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Concept Connector Study Guide
Conflict
Essential Question: What issues cause groups of people or countries to
come into conflict?
A.
Define conflict.
B.
Record information about the topics listed in the Cumulative Review or your answers to
the questions in the Cumulative Review below. Use the Concept Connector Handbooks at the
end of your textbook, as well as chapter information, to complete this worksheet.
1. The Persian Wars
Greek city-states developed different forms of government but shared a common
culture and values. Greeks briefly put aside their differences to defend their freedom when the Persians threatened them. Ionian Greek city-states in Asia Minor
became subjects of the Persian empire. In 499 B.C., Ionian Greeks rebelled against
Persian rule, and the great city-state of Athens sent ships to help the Ionians.
Then, in 490 B.C., Darius I of Persia sent his army to Greece to punish Athens. The
large army landed near Marathon and was defeated by a much smaller Greek
force. Ten years later, Xerxes, another Persian ruler, sent another force to conquer
Greece. Finally, in 479 B.C., the Persian invasions ended when the Greeks defeated
the Persians on land in Asia Minor.
2. Compare the Persian Wars and the Punic Wars
Roman settlements spread throughout the Mediterranean, just as Greek city-states
did around the Aegean. Both groups came into conflict with peoples across the
sea. The Greeks fought the Persian Wars, in part to preserve Greek culture, when
threatened by the Persians. As Rome grew in power, it came into conflict with
Carthage, a great city-state in North Africa that ruled an empire stretching across
the western Mediterranean. Between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C., Rome fought three wars
against Carthage. These wars are called the Punic Wars. In the Second Punic War,
the Carthaginian general Hannibal led his army, including war elephants, on an
epic march from Spain over the Alps, to make a surprise attack on Rome. However, the Carthaginians were ultimately defeated and Rome was free to build an
empire around the Mediterranean.
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CONFLICT (continued)
3. Compare War Between Christians and Muslims in the 700s with the Crusades
The Crusades, which began in 1096, were not the first wars between Christians
and Muslims. As the Muslim empire expanded west, it advanced into Europe. In
the 700s, that advance was halted by Christian warriors at the Battle of Tours, in
what is present-day France. After this, Muslim forces never again significantly
threatened to take over Western Europe. Over 300 years later, invasions by
Muslim Turks threatened the Byzantine empire and prevented Christian pilgrims
from traveling to the Holy Land. Muslims and Christians fought for control of
lands in the Middle East. These wars, called the Crusades, continued off and on
for over 200 years. Religion, desire for wealth and land, and a yearning for adventure were just some of the factors that motivated European crusaders. Although
the Crusades left a legacy of religious hatred, they also increased trade, the power
of the pope, and the power of European monarchs.
4. Examples of French-British Conflict
As the French and British began to establish global empires in the 1600s and
1700s, they frequently came into conflict. This was not the first time that these two
nations had opposed each other. An earlier example of French-British conflict
occurred between France and England during the Hundred Years’ War from 1337
to 1453. English rulers wanted to hold on to what had become the French lands of
their Norman ancestors. England and France were also rivals for control of the
English Channel, the waterway between their two countries. Each also wanted to
control trade in the region.
5. Greek Wars Against the Persian Empire (Chapter 1, page 49)
6. Roman-Carthaginian Wars (Chapter 1, page 49)
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CONFLICT (continued)
7. Compare the American Revolution with the Thirty Years’ War
(Chapter 2, page 77)
8. European Revolutionaries in 1830 and 1848 (Chapter 4, page 163)
9. Congress of Vienna and the Paris Peace Conference (Chapter 11, page 383)
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CONFLICT (continued)
10. The Chinese Communists and the Guomindang (Chapter 12, page 415)
11. World War II (Chapter 14, page 495)
12. The Recent Conflict in Northern Ireland and Earlier Religious Conflicts
(Chapter 17, page 597)
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Concept Connector Study Guide
CONFLICT (continued)
C. Sample Topics for Thematic Essays
Below are examples of thematic essay topics that might appear on a test. Prepare for the test
by outlining an essay for each topic on a separate sheet of paper. Use the Concept Connector
Handbooks at the end of your textbook, as well as chapter information,, to outline your essays.
1. Describe the events of the Peloponnesian War, and discuss the outcome of this
conflict.
2. Explain why nationalists in Europe fought against rulers during the revolutions of
1830 and 1848, and discuss the results of their struggles.
3. Describe the basic issues that led to the conflicts in the Balkans during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and how the rest of the world has reacted to them.
4. Describe the issues that led to the partition of Africa by European powers in the
late 1800s, and discuss how they served as the basis for conflicts between Africans
and colonial powers between 1900 and 1975.
5. Compare and contrast the issues that sparked the Latin American wars of independence in the 1800s with those that created the movement for independence in
Africa after World War II.
6. Describe some of the key features of the struggle between the Chinese Communists
and the Guomindang (Nationalists) from the 1920s through the 1940s.
7. Analyze the issues that led to the breakup of the Soviet Union and the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in the 1980s and 1990s.
8. Describe and discuss the issues today that divide some Arabs and Arabs and
Israelis in the Middle East.
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