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The Renaissance Era
Renaissance
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1300-1600
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Thomas Tallis 1505-1585
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John Dowland 1563-1626
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Claudio Monteverdi 1567-1643
Thomas Tallis
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Important composer of sacred music
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Mainly wrote in Latin, however he also composed in
English, French, Italian and other languages as long
as they served for music in the church
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Tallis’ style was heavily influenced by Thomas
Cranmer
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Syllabic text setting
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Wrote Sacred works which meant he wrote a lot of
four and five part masses as well as motets
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He also wrote a lot of anthems and keyboard works
Thomas Tallis
The following compositions are 3 of Tallis’ works:
Latin Motet: Miserere Nostri
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYHE7vyAc4
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Sancte Deus:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7DJATrfgL4
Like As The Doleful Dove
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADdS8zmbKw
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John Dowland
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English composer
Virtuoso lutenist
Skilled singer
Out of all his compositions he is known to have
composed about 90 works for solo lute:
• many are dance forms
• often with elaborate divisions to the repeats
He has composed several psalm harmonisations and
sacred songs
Today he is best known for his melancholy songs
Two major influences on his music were:
• The popular consort songs
• Dance music from that period
Most if not all his lyrical music is written in the English
language
John Dowland
The following compositions are 3 of Dowland’s
works:
Lachrimae
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oTfzpb01Sk
Flow My Tears
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3REIVlo2Ss
Can She Excuse My Wrongs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gke3FrGcNa8
Claudio Monteverdi
• Renaissance version of Beethoven – he bridged
the gap between renaissance and baroque.
• He developed two styles of composition:
• Renaissance polyphony
• The Basso continuo technique of the Baroque
era
• He wrote one of the earliest operas, L'Orfeo
• His first music was written for publication,
including motets and sacred madrigals
• He tried (and succeeded) to bring a “modern”
secular spirit into church music.
Claudio Monteverdi
The following compositions are 3 of Monteverdi’s
works:
Opera: L'Orfeo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ma4OelX45I
Sacred Works:
Messa in illo tempore:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsBS8Sl1zKo
Vespro della Beata Vergine:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S99FCAFNgaA
Renaissance - General
Features of the Era
• Reliance on the interval of a 3rd
• Polyphony
• Simplified melody lines
• Music based on modes
• Richer texture
• Blending melodic lines
Renaissance - General
Features of the Era
Church music:
Some pieces were intended for 'a cappella'
performance.
Mainly contrapuntal.
Lots of imitation.
Some church music was accompanied by instruments
Secular music:
Lots of vocal pieces and dances
Lots of instrumental pieces
Renaissance Instrumentation
The development of polyphony produced the notable changes in musical
instruments that mark the Renaissance from the Middle Ages musically.
Its use encouraged the use of larger ensembles and demanded sets of
instruments that would blend together across the whole vocal range
During the Late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, the instruments played along
with the vocal part of a song, playing exactly the same notes. The instrument was
not seen as a key component, but as a guide. This was most often an organ, a
lute, or a viol.
Later instruments became more valued and composers and performers began
having instruments accompany the vocals, playing their own supporting
background parts
Mainly instruments that we don’t use today were used, such as lutes, organs,
harpsichords and different types of pipes (e.g the reed pipe or pan pipe)
Renaissance - Harmony
In the Renaissance period the music was based on modes
rather than keys. This is effectively a sale around which the
music is based, rather than the music being based around
keys.
Music based on modes however began to break down
towards the end of the period with the increased use of root
motion, fourths and thirds.
One of the main features of early Renaissance music was the
increasing reliance on the interval of the third
Harmony that placed a greater concern on the smooth flow of
the music and its progression of chord became important
The Romantic Era
The Romantic Era
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1750 - 1820
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Frederic Chopin
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Pyotr Tchaikovsky
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Antonín Dvořák
Frederic Chopin
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Polish composer
Virtuoso pianist
Wrote primarily for the solo piano
Over 230 works of Chopin survive
All his known works involve the piano, most are for solo piano
though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber
pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics.
Influences:
Polish folk music
Italian opera
J. S. Bach
Mozart
Schubert
Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade
Frederic Chopin
The following compositions are 3 of Chopin’s
works:
Ballade: Ballade No. 1 in G minor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce8p0VcTbuA
Piano Sonata: Piano Sonata No. 2 in B♭ minor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLhoc-3X2F8
Polish song: Wiosna Spring, Op. 74 No. 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvWTRsM4BK
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Pyotr Tchaikovsky
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Russian composer
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Tchaikovsky had an unusually wide stylistic and emotional
range.
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Many of Tchaikovsky's works have Ukrainian subjects or
incorporate Ukrainian folk songs or melodies.
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Harold C. Schonberg wrote of Tchaikovsky's "sweet,
inexhaustible, supersensuous fund of melody”
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Tchaikovsky's range of melodic styles was as wide as that of
his compositions.
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His list of compositions include ballets, operas, symphonies,
concertos, orchestral suites, chamber music, chorale music
and piano music.
Pyotr Tchaikovsky
The following compositions are 3 of Tchaikovsky’s
works:
Ballet: Swan Lake, Op. 20
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wkn8nJv9JbM
Symphony: No. 2 in C minor, Op. 17, ‘Little Russian’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeErhHHmf7w
Choral music: A Hymn to the Trinity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLBxSMmBOM
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Antonín Dvořák
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Czech composer
Displayed his musical gifts at an early age
Used aspects, specifically rhythms, of the folk music of
Moravia and his native Bohemia.
‘The fullest recreation of a national idiom, absorbing
folk influences and finding effective ways of using
them’
His major works reflect his heritage and the love he
had for his native land.
Dvořák frequently used Slavic folk dance forms as well
as folk song forms of Slavic people.
During his life, only five of his symphonies were widely
known.
During his life time he wrote 9 symphonies, symphonic
poems, chorale works, concerti, chamber music,
operas and other works
Antonín Dvořák
The following compositions are 3 of Dvořák’s works:
Symphony: New World Symphony
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCydQm83cJQ
Slavonic Dances [Op. 46 & Op. 72]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fN4z8HjSCI8
Chamber: String Quintet No. 1 in A minor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6hOoe-uO3g
The Romantic Period General Features of the Era
• Long, warm, lyrical melodies with irregular
phrases
• Expressive indications (espressivo etc.)
• Interpretive freedom (Rubato)
• Harmonic colour
• Frequent changes in both tempo and time
signatures
• Mainly used homophonic textures
• Expression of emotion
• Dramatic contrasts of dynamics and pitch
• Big orchestras
• Great technical virtuosity
The Romantic Period Instrumentation
• Increase in the size of orchestra
• Added brass, larger woodwind section, more varied
percussion, a larger string orchestra
• Lead to the use of symphony orchestras
• A larger range of pitch and dynamics was available
• Improvements in the piano:
• More notes available to composers
• Metal frame rather than wood
• Piano and violin became the most common concerto
instruments
• Lied’s were introduced for solo voice and piano
• Programme music began to be written
• Suites were introduced
Renaissance - Harmony
• As romantic composers widened the range of their
musical material, we find richer harmonies, more
passionate melodies, and greater use of
chromaticism
• Romanticism brought about many chromatic
harmonies and dischords along with new chords
such as the ninth
• This chromatic colour was only intensified by
improvements in instruments, particularly the piano
Expressionism
Expressionism
• 1905 – 1925
• Arnold Schoenberg
• Anton Webern
• Alban Berg
Arnold Schoenberg
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13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951
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Jewish Austrian composer, music theorist, and painter
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Leader of the Second Viennese School
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He was a teacher of composition
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He published a number of books
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Had a period focusing on free atonality
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His twelve tone technique and tonal works developed out of
this
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Used motif development
Arnold Schoenberg
The following compositions are 3 of Schoenberg’s
works:
Second string quartet, Op. 10, with soprano (1st atonal
piece)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzgFd0eDaMQ
Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 (use of 12 tone
technique)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6BzLwHLKis
Peripetie
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ1HFjJxkbY
Anton Webern
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3 December 1883 – 15 September 1945
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Austrian composer and conductor
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He was in the core of the second Viennese school
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He influenced many other post-war composers
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12 tone method
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Sparse textures
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Uses a range of instrumental techniques
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Wide melodies
Anton Webern
The following compositions are 3 of Webern’s
works:
Passacaglia for Orchestra
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5sVtO3ygXE
Four Song for Voice and Orchestra
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJSjBpupk1k
Quartet op. 22
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXE8ha8-Xx4
Alban Berg
• February 9th 1885 – December 24th 1935
• Austrian composer
• Second Viennese School
• He combined Romantic lyricism with
twelve-tone technique
• Studied counterpoint, music theory and
harmony with Schoenberg
Alban Berg
The following compositions are 3 of Berg’s works:
Piano:
Piano Sonata, Op.1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Lnh-LbjPMM
Orchestra:
Three Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 6
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXSAN4tKQh8
Vocal:
Seven Early Songs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYjmoevnaTI
Expressionism- General
Features of the Era
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High levels of emotional expression
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Clashing dissonances
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Contrasts in dynamics
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Changing textures
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Distorted melodies
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Angular melodies
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Episodic, fragmented structure
Expressionism Instrumentation
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Full range of instrument used
• Extreme registers used in the instruments
• Small combinations of instruments are often
used
• Contrasting timbres are often used
• Klangfarbenmelodie is often a feature
Expressionism –
Harmony & Tonality
• Dissonant harmony
• Increasingly chromatic
• Sense of key became less obvious
• Atonality
• 12 notes of the scale are used