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Name: KEY________________________________________ Unit 14 Supranationalism, Devolution, and the New World Order Period: ________ Date: _________ Political Change Fill in the blanks to complete the definition or sentence. Note: All of the following information in addition to your reading is important, not just the blanks you fill in. Multinationalism on the Map • • SUPRANATIONALISM - a venture involving three or more states for: political (UN), economic (EU), military (NATO), and/or cultural (African Union) objectives. • LEAGUE OF NATIONS - born of a worldwide desire to prevent future aggression in 1919; collapsed in the chaos of the beginning of World War II; spawned other organizations such as the Permanent Court of International Justice which would become the INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. • UNITED NATIONS - at the end of World War II to foster international security and cooperation; 191 member states today. • Functions of the UN = the imposition of international SANCTIONS (e.g., postGulf War) and mobilization of PEACEKEEPING operations; one of the most difficult challenges was in former YOGOSLAVIA - the DAYTON ACCORDS revised a new map of Bosnia (between Muslims, Serbs & Croats). • The UN has many SUBSIDIARIES, such as the Security Council, the World Health Organization, even the UNREPRESENTED NATIONS AND PEOPLES ORGANIZATION (UNPO); 51 members today. The UN is not a world GOVERNMENT, for example, it has no standing army but relies on its members. The Law of the Sea • • • • • The Law of the Sea began with the TRUMAN PROCLAMATION (1945) – the U.S. claimed natural resources up to continental shelf. Later, in 1946, ARGENTINA claimed the water above UNCLOS III - the UN Convention on Law of Sea was signed by 157 states (not US) in 1982; it established territorial sea up to 12 nautical miles from the coastline; a country’s EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) extends up to 200 nautical miles from the coastline (countries have rights to any natural resources up to continental shelf) The MEDIAN-LINE Principle is necessary when a country’s territorial sea or EEZ conflicts with another; a boundary is established midway between two states’ coasts One example is in the SOUTH CHINA SEA - an area of major disputes; SPRATLY Islands (rich in oil, claimed by six states); this, however, is the exception, not the rule. Regional Multinational Unions • • • • BENELUX – established no tariffs, quotas, or licenses b/w Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg; joined EEC later. The EU EUROPEAN UNION) developed out of the EEC (European Economic Community) in 1992; 12/15 members have adopted the EURO as their uniform monetary unit; the EU is far from a United States of EUROPE – there are issues with the balance of power (e.g. GERMANY has the largest economy & also exceeds their limits on deficit spending), new APPLICANTS are also pending (e.g. Turkey – Muslim, weaker economy),… The main motives for supranational cooperation are ECONOMIC (e.g., OPEC – ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES); may also be defensive (NATO – NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION), cultural (AU – AFRICAN UNION), political (EU, UN),… EUROREGIONS - formal supranationalist entities designed to promote cooperation and reduce inequalities across international boundaries; commonly found in EASTERN Europe after the fall of communism. Devolutionary Forces in the World • DEVOLUTION occurs when regions within a state gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government; these regions may even break away from the state altogether. • ETHNONATIONALISM is the love for your nation: • CANADA – French-speaking Quebec poses a constant threat to stability. • SPAIN – Basque, Catalonia: both areas have their own parliaments, but divisive pressures still exist. • BELGIUM – Flemish (Dutch) region in the north vs. Walloons (French) in the south. • YUGOSLAVIA – six “republics” were established after the Dayton Accords (1995); split Bosnia between a Serb “Republic” & a Muslim-Croat “Federation”. • One of the most powerful devolutionary forces deals with ECONOMIC concerns; some examples include: • SPAIN – Catalonia (industrially strong region); • BRAZIL – South (claim a misuse of taxes) vs. north; • ITALY – Northern regions (industrially strong) vs. more agrarian south. • Another major devolutionary force is inherently SPATIAL - distance, remoteness & peripheral location are all allies of devolution • FRANCE – Corsica (island in the Mediterranean) = greatest devolutionary threat (for “the” model nation-state). • GATEWAY STATES - political entities situated in border zones between geopolitical power cores; absorb & assimilate diverse cultures and traditions - emerge as new entities (HAWAII, although unlikely, is a candidate). After the Cold War • • • • NEW WORLD ORDER - after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the BIPOLAR world, there was optimistic talk of a world in which the balance of mutual opposition and nuclear terror between two superpowers would no longer determine the destinies of the states. COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES - USSR split into 15 republics; cultural regions along the postSoviet periphery = “NEAR ABROAD”” (expected to rely more heavily on Russia than has actually occurred). Russia still has DEVOLUTIONARY problems today (e.g. Chechnya); a diverse country with many nationalities The NEW WORLD ORDER was expected to be the international situation after the collapse of the USSR, where a balance of NUCLEAR terror between two superpowers would no longer determine the destiny of the states of the world (US is only superpower in the world today) Current Trends • • • • • • • GLOBALIZATION = expansion of economic, political & cultural activities to a global scale, the importance of states’ traditional positions have been REDUCED by networks of interaction. The political system of DEMOCRACY has affected virtually all regions; with little progress in North Africa & Southwest Asia (e.g. ONE-party democracy). Growing influence of RELIGION – fundamentalism vs. secularism (Islamic vs. Judeo-Christian “worlds”) Antiquated BOUNDARY framework – a 21st c. world with 19th c. borders (most devolving movements occur in the periphery of states, and in regions with differing nationalities) Rise of TERRORISM – superpowers supplied allies with weapons during Cold War; increasing threat of nations with nukes, chemical & biological weapons, suicide missions = potential to unite or divide world SHATTERBELT - region of the world in which there are problems with a large number of smaller nations leading to "state problems“. Stable if there is a strong government. We live in a MULTIPOLAR world today; 4 major cores exist: UNITED STATES, EUROPE, JAPAN and RUSSIA (CHINA IS RISING) – the future is uncertain (peace or conflict?). - Identify TWO other current trends in the world today (on your own): MATERIALISM, TECHNOLOGY, …