Download CIS671-Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining

CIS664-Knowledge Discovery
and Data Mining
Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology
Vasileios Megalooikonomou
Dept. of Computer and Information Sciences
Temple University
(based on notes by Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber)
Agenda
• What is a data warehouse?
• A multi-dimensional data model
• Data warehouse architecture
• Data warehouse implementation
• From data warehousing to data mining
What is Data Warehouse?
• Defined in many different ways, but not rigorously.
– A decision support database that is maintained separately
from the organization’s operational database
– Supports information processing by providing a solid
platform of consolidated, historical data for analysis.
• “A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated,
time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in
support of management’s decision-making
process.”—W. H. Inmon
Data Warehouse—Subject-Oriented
• Organized around major subjects, such as customer,
product, sales.
• Focusing on the modeling and analysis of data for
decision makers, not on daily operations or
transaction processing.
• Provide a simple and concise view around particular
subject issues by excluding data that are not useful in
the decision support process.
Data Warehouse—Integrated
• Constructed by integrating multiple, heterogeneous
data sources
– relational databases, flat files, on-line transaction records
• Data cleaning and data integration techniques are
applied.
– Ensure consistency in naming conventions, encoding
structures, attribute measures, etc. among different data
sources
• E.g., Hotel price: currency, tax, breakfast covered, etc.
– Before data is moved to the warehouse, it is transformed
to a common scheme.
Data Warehouse—Time Variant
• The time horizon for the data warehouse is
significantly longer than that of operational systems.
– Operational database: current value data.
– Data warehouse data: provide information from a historical
perspective (e.g., past 5-10 years)
• Every key structure in the data warehouse
– Contains an element of time, explicitly or implicitly
– But the key of operational data may or may not contain
“time element”.
Data Warehouse—Non-Volatile
• A physically separate store of data transformed from
the operational environment.
• Operational update of data does not occur in the data
warehouse environment.
– Does not require transaction processing, recovery, and
concurrency control mechanisms
– Requires only two operations in data accessing:
• initial loading of data and access of data.
Data Warehouse vs. Heterogeneous
DBMS
• Traditional heterogeneous DB integration:
– Build wrappers/mediators on top of heterogeneous databases
– Use a Query driven approach
• When a query is posed to a client site, a meta-dictionary is used to
translate the query into queries appropriate for individual
heterogeneous sites involved, and the results are integrated into a
global answer set
• Complex information filtering, compete for resources
• Data warehouse: update-driven, high performance
– Information from heterogeneous sources is integrated in advance and
stored in warehouses for direct query and analysis
Data Warehouse vs. Operational
DBMS
• OLTP (on-line transaction processing)
– Major task of traditional relational DBMS
– Day-to-day operations: purchasing, inventory, banking, payroll,
registration, accounting, etc.
• OLAP (on-line analytical processing)
– Data analysis and decision making (major task of data warehouse
system)
• Distinct features (OLTP vs. OLAP):
– User and system orientation: customer vs. market
– Data contents: current, detailed vs. historical, consolidated
– Database design: ER + application vs. star + subject
– View: current, local vs. evolutionary, integrated
– Access patterns: update vs. read-only but complex queries
OLTP vs. OLAP
OLTP
OLAP
users
clerk, IT professional
knowledge worker
function
day to day operations
decision support
DB design
application-oriented
subject-oriented
data
current, up-to-date
detailed, flat relational
isolated
repetitive
historical,
summarized, multidimensional
integrated, consolidated
ad-hoc
lots of scans
unit of work
read/write
index/hash on prim. key
short, simple transaction
# records accessed
tens
millions
#users
thousands
hundreds
DB size
100MB-GB
100GB-TB
metric
transaction throughput
query throughput, response
usage
access
complex query
Why Separate Data Warehouse?
• High performance for both systems
– DBMS— tuned for OLTP: access methods, indexing,
concurrency control, recovery
– Data Warehouse—tuned for OLAP: complex OLAP queries,
multidimensional view, consolidation.
• Different functions and different data:
– missing data: Decision support requires historical data which
operational DBs do not typically maintain
– data consolidation: DS requires consolidation (aggregation,
summarization) of data from heterogeneous sources
– data quality: different sources typically use inconsistent data
representations, codes and formats which have to be
reconciled
Agenda
• What is a data warehouse?
• A multi-dimensional data model
• Data warehouse architecture
• Data warehouse implementation
• From data warehousing to data mining
From Tables to Data Cubes
• A data warehouse is based on a multidimensional data model
which views data in the form of a data cube
• A data cube, such as sales, allows data to be modeled and
viewed in multiple dimensions
– Dimension tables, such as item (item_name, brand, type), or time(day,
week, month, quarter, year)
– Fact table contains measures (such as dollars_sold) and keys to each of
the related dimension tables
• In data warehousing literature, an n-D base cube is called a
base cuboid. The top most 0-D cuboid, which holds the
highest-level of summarization, is called the apex cuboid.
The lattice of cuboids forms a data cube.
Cube: A Lattice of Cuboids
all
time
time,item
0-D(apex) cuboid
item
time,location
location
item,location
time,supplier
time,item,location
supplier
1-D cuboids
location,supplier
2-D cuboids
item,supplier
time,location,supplier
3-D cuboids
time,item,supplier
item,location,supplier
4-D(base) cuboid
time, item, location, supplier
Conceptual Modeling
of Data Warehouses
• Modeling data warehouses: dimensions & measures
– Star schema: A fact table in the middle connected to a set of
dimension tables
– Snowflake schema: A refinement of star schema where
some dimensional hierarchy is normalized into a set of
smaller dimension tables, forming a shape similar to
snowflake
– Fact constellations: Multiple fact tables share dimension
tables, viewed as a collection of stars, therefore called
galaxy schema or fact constellation
Example of Star Schema
time
item
time_key
day
day_of_the_week
month
quarter
year
Sales Fact Table
time_key
item_key
branch_key
branch
location_key
branch_key
branch_name
branch_type
units_sold
dollars_sold
avg_sales
Measures
item_key
item_name
brand
type
supplier_type
location
location_key
street
city
province_or_street
country
Example of Snowflake Schema
time
time_key
day
day_of_the_week
month
quarter
year
item
Sales Fact Table
time_key
item_key
branch_key
branch
location_key
branch_key
branch_name
branch_type
units_sold
dollars_sold
avg_sales
Measures
item_key
item_name
brand
type
supplier_key
supplier
supplier_key
supplier_type
location
location_key
street
city_key
city
city_key
city
province_or_street
country
Example of Fact Constellation
time
time_key
day
day_of_the_week
month
quarter
year
item
Sales Fact Table
time_key
item_key
item_name
brand
type
supplier_type
item_key
location_key
branch_key
branch_name
branch_type
units_sold
dollars_sold
avg_sales
Measures
time_key
item_key
shipper_key
from_location
branch_key
branch
Shipping Fact Table
location
to_location
location_key
street
city
province_or_street
country
dollars_cost
units_shipped
shipper
shipper_key
shipper_name
location_key
shipper_type
A Data Mining Query Language, DMQL
• Cube Definition (Fact Table)
define cube <cube_name> [<dimension_list>]:
<measure_list>
• Dimension Definition ( Dimension Table )
define dimension <dimension_name> as
(<attribute_or_subdimension_list>)
• Special Case (Shared Dimension Tables)
– First time as “cube definition”
– define dimension <dimension_name> as
<dimension_name_first_time> in cube
<cube_name_first_time>
Defining a Star Schema in
DMQL
define cube sales_star [time, item, branch, location]:
dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales =
avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week,
month, quarter, year)
define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand,
type, supplier_type)
define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name,
branch_type)
define dimension location as (location_key, street, city,
province_or_state, country)
Defining a Snowflake Schema in DMQL
define cube sales_snowflake [time, item, branch, location]:
dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales =
avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week,
month, quarter, year)
define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand,
type, supplier(supplier_key, supplier_type))
define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name,
branch_type)
define dimension location as (location_key, street,
city(city_key, province_or_state, country))
Defining a Fact Constellation in DMQL
define cube sales [time, item, branch, location]:
dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales = avg(sales_in_dollars),
units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week, month, quarter, year)
define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand, type, supplier_type)
define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name, branch_type)
define dimension location as (location_key, street, city, province_or_state,
country)
define cube shipping [time, item, shipper, from_location, to_location]:
dollar_cost = sum(cost_in_dollars), unit_shipped = count(*)
define dimension time as time in cube sales
define dimension item as item in cube sales
define dimension shipper as (shipper_key, shipper_name, location as location
in cube sales, shipper_type)
define dimension from_location as location in cube sales
define dimension to_location as location in cube sales
Measures: Three Categories
A data cube measure is a numerical function that can be evaluated at
each point in the data cube space.
• distributive: if the result derived by applying the function to n
aggregate values is the same as that derived by applying the
function on all the data without partitioning.
• E.g., count(), sum(), min(), max().
• algebraic: if it can be computed by an algebraic function with M
arguments (where M is a bounded integer), each of which is
obtained by applying a distributive aggregate function.
• E.g., avg(), min_N(), standard_deviation().
• holistic: if there is no constant bound on the storage size needed
to describe a subaggregate (the opposite of algebraic).
• E.g., median(), mode() (the most frequently occurring items), rank().
A Concept Hierarchy: Dimension (location)
Defines a sequence of mappings from low-level concepts to higher-level concepts
all
all
Europe
region
country
city
office
Germany
Frankfurt
...
...
...
Spain
North_America
Canada
Vancouver ...
L. Chan
...
...
Mexico
Toronto
M. Wind
View of Warehouses and Hierarchies
Specification of hierarchies
• Schema hierarchy
day < {month < quarter; week} <
year
• Set_grouping hierarchy
{1..10} < inexpensive
• Partial or total order
Multidimensional Data
• Sales volume as a function of product,
month, and region
Dimensions: Product, Location, Time
Hierarchical summarization paths
Defined by concept hierarchies
Industry Region
Year
Product
Category Country Quarter
Product
City
Office
Month
Month Week
Day
A Sample Data Cube
2Qtr
3Qtr
4Qtr
sum
U.S.A
Canada
Mexico
sum
Country
TV
PC
VCR
sum
1Qtr
Date
Total annual sales
of TV in U.S.A.
Cuboids Corresponding to the Cube
all
0-D(apex) cuboid
product
product,date
date
country
product,country
1-D cuboids
date, country
2-D cuboids
3-D(base) cuboid
product, date, country
Browsing a Data Cube
• Visualization
• OLAP capabilities
• Interactive manipulation
Typical OLAP Operations
• Roll up (drill-up): summarize data
– by climbing up hierarchy or by dimension reduction
• Drill down (roll down): reverse of roll-up
– from higher level summary to lower level summary or detailed data,
or introducing new dimensions
• Slice and dice:
– project and select
• Pivot (rotate):
– reorient the cube, visualization, 3D to series of 2D planes.
• Other operations
– drill across: involving (across) more than one fact table
– drill through: through the bottom level of the cube to its back-end
relational tables (using SQL)
A Star-Net Query Model
Customer Orders
Shipping Method
Customer
CONTRACTS
AIR-EXPRESS
ORDER
TRUCK
PRODUCT LINE
Time
Product
ANNUALY QTRLY
DAILY
PRODUCT ITEM PRODUCT GROUP
CITY
SALES PERSON
COUNTRY
DISTRICT
REGION
Location
Each circle is
called a footprint
DIVISION
Promotion
Organization
Agenda
• What is a data warehouse?
• A multi-dimensional data model
• Data warehouse architecture
• Data warehouse implementation
• From data warehousing to data mining
Design of a Data Warehouse: A Business
Analysis Framework
• Four views regarding the design of a data warehouse
– Top-down view
• allows selection of the relevant information necessary for the data
warehouse
– Data source view
• exposes the information being captured, stored, and managed by
operational systems
– Data warehouse view
• consists of fact tables and dimension tables
– Business query view
• sees the perspectives of data in the warehouse from the view of enduser (profit, etc)
Data Warehouse Design Process
• Top-down, bottom-up approaches or a combination of both
– Top-down: Starts with overall design and planning (mature)
– Bottom-up: Starts with experiments and prototypes (rapid)
• From software engineering point of view
– Waterfall: structured and systematic analysis at each step before
proceeding to the next
– Spiral: rapid generation of increasingly functional systems, short turn
around time, quick turn around
• Typical data warehouse design process
–
–
–
–
Choose a business process to model, e.g., orders, invoices, etc.
Choose the grain (atomic level of data) of the business process
Choose the dimensions that will apply to each fact table record
Choose the measure that will populate each fact table record
A Three-Tier Warehousing Architecture
other
Metadata
sources
Operational
DBs
Extract
Transform
Load
Refresh
Monitor
&
Integrator
Data
Warehouse
Data Marts
Data Sources
Data Storage
OLAP Server
Serve
Analysis
Query
Reports
Data mining
ROLAP
MOLAP
OLAP Engine Front-End Tools
Three Data Warehouse Models
• Enterprise warehouse
– collects all of the information about subjects spanning the
entire organization
• Data Mart
– a subset of corporate-wide data that is of value to a specific
groups of users. Its scope is confined to specific, selected
groups, such as marketing data mart
• Independent vs. dependent (directly from warehouse) data mart
• Virtual warehouse
– A set of views over operational databases
– Only some of the possible summary views may be
materialized
Data Warehouse Development: A Recommended
Approach: Incremental and Evolutionary
Multi-Tier Data
Warehouse
Distributed
Data Marts
Data
Mart
Data
Mart
Model refinement
Enterprise
Data
Warehouse
Model refinement
Define a high-level corporate data model
OLAP Server Architectures
• Relational OLAP (ROLAP)
– Use relational or extended-relational DBMS to store and manage
warehouse data and OLAP middle ware to support missing pieces
– Include optimization of DBMS backend, implementation of aggregation
navigation logic, and additional tools and services
– greater scalability
• Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP)
– Array-based multidimensional storage engine (sparse matrix techniques)
– fast indexing to pre-computed summarized data
• Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)
– User flexibility, e.g., low level: relational, high-level: array
• Specialized SQL servers
– specialized support for SQL queries over star/snowflake schemas
Agenda
• What is a data warehouse?
• A multi-dimensional data model
• Data warehouse architecture
• Data warehouse implementation
• From data warehousing to data mining
Efficient Data Cube Computation
• Data cube can be viewed as a lattice of cuboids
– The bottom-most cuboid is the base cuboid
– The top-most cuboid (apex) contains only one cell
– How many cuboids in an n-dimensional cube with Li levels
for dimension i?
n
T   ( Li 1)
i 1
• Materialization of data cube (pre-computation)
– Materialize every (cuboid) (full materialization), none (no
materialization), or some (partial materialization)
– Selection of which cuboids to materialize (based on size, sharing, access
frequency, etc.), exploitation of the materialized cuboids during query
processing, update of materialized cuboids during refresh
Cube Operation
• Cube definition and computation in DMQL
define cube sales[item, city, year]: sum(sales_in_dollars)
compute cube sales
• Transform it into a SQL-like language (with a new operator cube
by, introduced by Gray et al.’96)
()
SELECT item, city, year, SUM (amount)
FROM SALES
(city)
(item)
(year)
CUBE BY item, city, year
• Need compute the following Group-Bys
(city, item)
(city, year)
(item, year)
(date, product, customer),
(date,product),(date, customer), (product, customer),
(date), (product), (customer)
(city, item, year)
()
Cube Computation: ROLAP-Based Method
• Efficient cube computation methods (full materialization)
– ROLAP-based cubing algorithms (Agarwal et al’96)
– Array-based cubing algorithm (Zhao et al’97)
– Bottom-up computation method (Bayer & Ramarkrishnan’99)
• ROLAP-based cubing algorithms
– Sorting, hashing, and grouping operations are applied to the dimension
attributes in order to reorder and cluster related tuples
– Grouping is performed on some subaggregates as a “partial grouping step”
– Aggregates may be computed from previously computed aggregates, rather
than from the base fact table
Indexing OLAP Data: Bitmap Index
•
•
•
•
Index on a particular column
Each value in the column has a bit vector: bit-arithmetic is fast
The length of the bit vector: # of records in the base table
The i-th bit is set if the i-th row of the base table has the value for
the indexed column
• not suitable for high cardinality domains (only using compression)
Base table
Cust
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Region
Asia
Europe
Asia
America
Europe
Index on Region
Index on Type
Type RecIDAsia Europe America RecID Retail Dealer
Retail
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
Dealer 2
2
0
1
0
1
0
Dealer 3
1
0
0
3
0
1
4
0
0
1
4
1
0
Retail
0
1
0
5
0
1
Dealer 5
Indexing OLAP Data: Join Indices
• Join index: JI(R-id, S-id) where R (R-id,
…)  S (S-id, …)
• Traditional indices map the values to a list
of record ids
– It materializes relational join in JI file and speeds
up relational join — a rather costly operation
• In data warehouses, join index relates the
values of the dimensions of a star schema to
rows in the fact table (registers the joinable
rows of two relations)
– E.g. fact table: Sales and two dimensions city
and product
• A join index on city maintains for each
distinct city a list of R-IDs of the tuples
recording the Sales in the city
– Join indices can span multiple dimensions
Efficient Processing of OLAP
Queries
• Determine which operations should be performed on
the available cuboids:
– transform drill-down, roll-up, etc. into corresponding SQL
and/or OLAP operations, e.g, dice = selection + projection
• Determine to which materialized cuboid(s) the relevant
operations should be applied.
Exploring indexing structures and compressed vs. dense
array structures in MOLAP
Metadata Repository
• Meta data is the data defining Warehouse objects. A Meta data
repository contains the following:
– Description of the structure of the warehouse
• schema, view, dimensions, hierarchies, derived data defn, data mart locations
and contents
– Operational meta-data
• data lineage (history of migrated data and transformation path), currency of
data (active, archived, or purged), monitoring information (warehouse usage
statistics, error reports, audit trails)
– The algorithms used for summarization
– The mapping from operational environment to the data warehouse
– Data related to system performance
• warehouse schema, view and derived data definitions
– Business data
• business terms and definitions, ownership of data, charging policies
Data Warehouse Back-End Tools and
Utilities
• Data extraction:
– get data from multiple, heterogeneous, and external sources
• Data cleaning:
– detect errors in the data and rectify them when possible
• Data transformation:
– convert data from legacy or host format to warehouse format
• Load:
– sort, summarize, consolidate, compute views, check
integrity, and build indices and partitions
• Refresh:
– propagate the updates from the data sources to the
warehouse
Agenda
• What is a data warehouse?
• A multi-dimensional data model
• Data warehouse architecture
• Data warehouse implementation
• From data warehousing to data mining
Data Warehouse Usage
• Three kinds of data warehouse applications
– Information processing
• supports querying, basic statistical analysis, and reporting using tables,
charts and graphs
– Analytical processing
• multidimensional analysis of data warehouse data
• supports basic OLAP operations, slice-dice, drill-down roll-up, pivoting
• mostly summarization/aggregation tools
– Data mining
• knowledge discovery from hidden patterns
• supports associations, constructing analytical models, performing
classification and prediction, and presenting the mining results using
visualization tools.
• Differences among the three tasks
From OLAP to OLAM
• Why online analytical mining?
– High quality of data in data warehouses
• DW contains integrated, consistent, cleaned data
– Available information processing structure surrounding data warehouses
• ODBC, Web accessing, service facilities, reporting and OLAP tools
– OLAP-based exploratory data analysis
• mining with drilling, dicing, pivoting, etc.
– On-line selection of data mining functions
• integration and swapping of multiple mining functions, algorithms,
and tasks.
• Architecture of OLAM
An OLAM Architecture
Mining query
Mining result
Layer4
User Interface
User GUI API
OLAM
Engine
OLAP
Engine
Layer3
OLAP/OLAM
Data Cube API
Layer2
MDDB
MDDB
Meta Data
Filtering&Integration
Database API
Filtering
Layer1
Data cleaning
Databases
Data
Data integration Warehouse
Data
Repository
Summary
• Data warehouse
– A subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in
support of management’s decision-making process
• A multi-dimensional model of a data warehouse
– Star schema, snowflake schema, fact constellations
– A data cube consists of dimensions & measures
• OLAP operations: drilling, rolling, slicing, dicing and pivoting
• OLAP servers: ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP
• Efficient computation of data cubes
– Partial vs. full vs. no materialization
– Multiway array aggregation
– Bitmap index and join index implementations
• Further development of data cube technology
– Discovery-drive and multi-feature cubes
– From OLAP to OLAM (on-line analytical mining)