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Warm Up
• Where are the instructions for your cells
functions kept?
– A.
– B.
– C.
– D.
Ribosome
Nucleus
DNA
Both B and C
Life is cellular
Chapter 7.1
Discovery of the cell
•
•
1665 – Robert Hooke
–
Used microscope to look
at cork cells ( a plant
material)
–
Saw thousands of tiny
chambers – called them
“cells”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
–
Observed pond water
and saw tiny living
things.
Observations leading to cell theory
• Numerous observation
made it clear that the cell
was the basic unit of life.
• 1838 – Matthias Schleiden
– Stated all plants made of
cells
• 1839 – Theodor Schwann
– Stated all animals made
of cells
• 1855 – Rudolf Virchow
– Stated new cells only
produced from division
of existing cells
The Cell Theory
• States:
– All living things are
composed of cells
– Cells are the basic unit of
structure and function in
living things
– New cells are produced
from existing cells
Cell ~ Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Prokaryotes
• Smaller than eukaryotes
• Less complicated
• No nucleus
– Free floating DNA
• Some contain internal
membranes
• Examples
– bacteria
Eukaryotes
• Larger than prokaryotes
• More complex than
prokaryotes
• nucleus
– DNA located here
• Many internal structures organelles
• highly specialized
• Example:
– Plants, animals, fungi,
protists
Bill Nye Cells
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a__bmGa5GA
Warm Up –
1. What was the saying that we
came up with to remember the main
difference between Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes…..
Eukaryotic Organelles
Cell (fence)


Rigid, tough, made of
cellulose
Protects and supports
each cell

PLANTS, BACTERIA
FUNGI,
Cell Membrane (fence)

Thin covering; protects
cells



Animal cell membranes
contain cholesterol
Protects the cell
Performs ACTIVE
transport and passive
transport to move
materials in and out of
cell
Cytoplasm (air in town)



Jelly-like substance that
contains many
organelles
Constantly moving
Pads and supports
organelles in the cell
Nucleus (Head office)



Dense, ball-shaped structure
Contains chromosomes
Controls the cells activities
Nuclear Membrane


Thin covering
over the nucleus
Covers and
protects the
nucleus
Nucleolus


Small, dark area
in the nucleus
Produces
ribosomes
Chromatin

In the nucleus, made of
DNA and some protein


contains genes
Provides instructions for
the cell’s activities

Directs growth and reproduction
Endoplasmic Reticulum (factory)


Clear, tubular
system of tunnels
throughout the cell
Carries materials
like proteins
around the inside
of cell
Ribosomes (factory) (#2)

Small “specks”
made of RNA


may be in E.R. or
free in cytoplasm
Makes proteins,
serves as the cells
“construction crew”
Mitochondria (energy plant)


Located in the cytoplasm, bean shaped
Supplies most of the energy for the cell
Vacuole (Storage facility)

Looks like a balloon floating in the
cytoplasm


they are smaller in animal cells
Storage-tanks for food, water, wastes, or
enzymes
Lysosomes (lysol)


Small, round structure, contains
enzymes
Digests older cell parts, food, or other
objects
Chloroplasts (energy plant)


Green structures that contain a pigment
chemical called chlorophyll
Captures the energy in sunlight and uses
it to produce food
Golgi Bodies or Golgi Apparatus (#11)
(Post Office)


Looks like a small
bag with tubes
connecting them
Package proteins for
use in and out of
the cell.
Movement
Flagellum
 A tail-like structure
 Located on the outside of the cell
Cilia
 Hair-like structures
 Located on the outside
of the cell
Warm Up

What is responsible for breaking down
waste material in a cell?
• A.
• B.
• C.
• D.
Ribosome
Nucleus
Lysosome
Golgi Apparatus
Cell Boundaries
Chapter 7. 3
Cell Membranes
Ch. 7.3
Cell Membrane Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G
W0lqf4Fqpg
Warm Up

Which organelles would be most useful
in common muscle cells? (think energy
and protein)
A.
 B.
 C.
 D.

Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Recticulum
Nucleus
Cell Membranes
Cell Membrane


Function:
• Regulates what enters and
leaves a cell
Function:
• Provides protection and
•Regulates what enters and
support
leaves a cell
•Provides protection and support
What its made of:
• What
Lipid bi-layer
(2)
its made
of:
•Lipid
bi-layer
(2)
• strong
and
flexible
•strong
and flexible
• Proteins
imbedded
•Proteins imbedded

Regulate what
enters/exits
Membrane Types
• Permeable
 Allows substances to pass through
easily
• Impermeable
 Does not allow substances to pass at all
• Selectively permeable
 Some substances can pass thru
membrane
Cell Walls


Outside of cell
membrane
Only in…
•
•
•
•
Plants
Algae
Fungi
Many
prokaryotes
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Cell Walls
•
Function:

Supports cell

Protects cell

Regulate what
enters and leaves a
cell
•
What it’s made of….

Mostly cellulose
•
A carbohydrate
The different types of movement
across cell boundaries








Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Osmosis

Diffusion of water
through a selectively
permeable membrane

High to Low
concentration

No energy needed
Osmosis cont…
•
Isotonic
•
Hypertonic
•
Same solute
concentration on
either side of
membrane
Higher solute
concentration
Hypotonic
Lower solute
concentration
Osmosis cont…
•
Water will swell cell
until it bursts
How do they
overcome this?
•


Cells tend not to
contact fresh water
Contact is made with
isotonic solutions


Blood
If they do make
contact w/ fresh
water , they have rigid
cell walls

Plants and
bacteria
Diffusion




In solution, particles
move constantly
Move from high
concentration to low
When concentration is
equal throughout =
equilibrium
Does not require
energy
Facillitated Diffusion

When particles too big or
charged

Go through protein channels

Each one allows only one
type of molecule through

High to Low


Does not require energy –
just a pathway through the
membrane
http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/tex
tbook/chapter3/cmf1a.htm
Active Transport



Moves particles
across membrane
Needs energy
Moves against
concentration
gradient
•
(Low to High)
Endocytosis

Take material into cell

Needs energy

Two types:
• Phagocytosis

engulf large particles
and take them into
the cell
•
Pinocytosis
• engulf liquid into
the cell
Exocytosis



When a cell releases
large amounts of
material
Needs energy
Vacuole fuses with
membrane

This is a type
active transport
Measuring concentration of
solutes in cell
Concentration:

density = ( mass of solute / volume of solution )
Ex. 12 g. of salt/ 3 L. of water = 4 g/ L
•
Solution

A mixture of two or more substances
• Solute

Substances dissolved in solution
Exit Pass
Active Transport _____________
require energy to occur….
Write either does or does not
Warm Up – Feb. 25

Which type of movement across a
cell membrane uses proteins to go
from High to Low concentration?
Warm UP- Feb. 26th

Water will always move to the
___________________ side of a
cell.
• A. Hypotonic
• B. Hypertonic
• C. Osmotic
• D. Diffusive
Chapter 7.4
The diversity of cellular life
Unicellular organisms
Cells are the basic living
units of all organisms
 Unicellular – single celled
organism

 Grow
 Respond
to environment
 Transform energy
 Reproduce

Dominate the globe
Multicellular Organisms

Multicellular – made up
of many cells
Great variety of
multicellular organisms
 All multicellar organisms
depend on

 Communication
and
cooperation among
specialized cells

Cell specialization –
cells specialized to
perform specific tasks
Levels of organization

In order from
smallest to largest
Atom
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ systems
Organism
Tissues

Tissues – when
similar cells grouped
into units
 Perform
function

a particular
4 main types of
tissues
 Muscle
tissue
 Epithelial tissue
 Nervous tissue
 Connective tissue
Organs

Organs – when many
different tissues work
together to perform a
function
 Ex. Muscles work
because have….
 Muscle
tissues
 Nerve tissues
 Connective
tissues
Organ Systems

Organ system –
group of organs
that work
together to
perform a
specific function
 Makes
multicellular life
possible
Organism

Individuals of a species
Warm Up – Feb. 27th

Write out the 6 levels of organization
from smallest to largest.