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Civil War Battles Part 2: Vicksburg to Appomattox Review: EARLY IN THE WAR Early in the war, the South had success in the east while the North had success in the west (under General Grant). The North struggled to find solid leadership. – McDowell to McClellan to Pope to McClellan again to Burnside to Hooker to Meade. After, the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam—the bloodiest single day battle of the war—Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. The Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-4, 1863 Union Army defeat (under Hooker) by Lee’s much smaller forces. Stonewall Jackson killed by fire from his own soldiers. Hooker fired; replaced with George Meade Lee devastated “I have lost my right arm.” – Jackson’s death is a HUGE loss to the South! Review: Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Turned the tide of the war against the South. Important Union victory Gettysburg Address In November 1863, President Lincoln delivered one of the most famous speeches in U.S. History—the Gettysburg Address. The speech was only two minutes long and was given at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield as a National Cemetery. – In it he states that equality is the supreme commitment of the federal government. – Also, the United Sates is a free country instead of the United States are free. The siege at Vicksburg: An end to the war in the west The Siege at Vicksburg (or battle) was the final battle in the Vicksburg Campaign which lasted 7 months. Vicksburg was the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River (in Mississippi). – Grant stuck 7 miles outside of Vicksburg – Forced to lay siege on the town “total war”. Siege: a military blockade with the intent of breaking the enemy down by denying supplies event to civilians. Winning the west The Siege lasted from May 18th-July 4th 1863 (6 weeks). Grant’s men shoveled their way towards the Rebel lines; more than 200 Union cannons fired continuously. – The Rebels crouched in their trenches and Vicksburg civilians had to go underground. Food supplies ran out and the Confederate commander, John C. Pemberton, was forced to surrender – The Union had won the west & control of the Mississippi. From west to east After Union success in the west, Lincoln ordered Major General William Tecumseh Sherman to move his 110,000-man army to move through Georgia to take out 45,000 Confederate troops there, and then carry on to Atlanta (an important Southern rail and industrial center). The Union was on the move… Atlanta captured & total war In September 1864, Sherman captured and burned the city of Atlanta. By doing this, much of the South’s ability to supply its soldiers was cut-off. This began Sherman’s campaign of total war and his march to the Sea—from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. – Total War Sherman’s march to the Sea Sherman was determined to cut the heart out of the Southerners’ support for the Confederacy. As Sherman’s troops marched, they set fire to the land and destroyed all that they came across (after taking what they could). – 60 mile-wide path of destruction On December 20th, the Union army arrived in the coastal city of Savannah. Meanwhile, in the northeast… In March 1864, Lincoln replaced Gen. George Meade with Gen. Grant (from the west). In May, the Union began a massive, coordinated campaign to advance, once again, on Richmond, Virginia. – Grant’s army of 120,000 vs. Lee’s army of 64,000 Major battles of this campaign: Battle of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor – Together these battles are often called the “Bleeding War” Reelection of Lincoln In November 1864, after a very difficult campaign, Lincoln was reelected to the office of President of the United States. Siege at Petersburg A series of battles (19) outside the town of Petersburg, Virginia that lasted from June 1864 to April 1865. June 1864 Grant missed an opportunity to capture the city of Petersburg and cut off Confederate rail lines (and open the door to Richmond)—thus he began a 9 month siege on the city. – The two armies dug parallel trenches around Petersburg. The Crater At Petersburg One of the most memorable battles at Petersburg is called the Battle of the Crater (July 30th 1864). In an attempt to break the siege, former coal miners from the 48th Pennsylvania infantry, mined a 511 foot long tunnel under the Confederate lines at Elliot’s Salient. On July 30, they detonated explosives from underneath creating a crater approximately 135 feet in diameter killing some 280to 350 Confederate soldiers immediately. Trapped in the crater In the end, however, the Union troops made a fatal mistake and entered into the crater instead of moving around the rim. They were unable to exit the steep sides of the crater and were slaughtered by the Confederates firing down on them. The end of Petersburg The final battle of Petersburg was the Battle of Fort Stedman on March 25, 1865. The loss at Fort Stedman was a devastating blow for Lee’s army. Looking at his suffering army, Lee decided to withdraw from the city. Petersburg fell on April 2nd. The Union headed towards Richmond, and Lee sent word to Jefferson Davis to evacuate the city. – Fires and looting break out. The fall of Richmond On April 3, 1865, Union troops enter Richmond and raise the Stars and Strips. On April 4, 1865, President Lincoln tours Richmond where the enters the Confederate White House and sat for a few moments at the desk of Jefferson Davis. Coming to the end: Appomattox On the run, Lee moves his troops to the small town of Appomattox Courthouse. The Union surround the Confederate troops. The Confederates try to put up a fight, but courage alone cannot carry them. On April 9th, Lee and Grant meet under a white flag of truce, at the home of Wilmer McLean, to discuss the terms of surrender. Coming to Terms Lee arrived first, wearing a fresh dress gray uniform. Grant arrived in a private’s dirty shirt and plain blue coat, his pants covered with mud. The two made small talk about their experiences in the Mexican War, then got “down to business.” Grant knew the terms of surrender would determine the tone for the restoration of the Union—he wanted no bitterness or humiliation. Generous terms of surrender Grant offered to let officers keep their side arms. Confederate soldiers were aloud to keep their own horses and mules (for spring plowing). Grant wrote that “each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not be disturbed United States authorities” as long as they vow to never take up arms against the Union again. – 30,000 captured Confederates Grant also made arrangements for Lee’s soldiers to be given food. Lee steps down Lee faced his men, tears running down their faces, to declare the long war was lost and over. “Boys,” he told them, “I have done the best I could for you. Go home now, and if you make as good citizens as you have soldiers, you will do well, and I shall always be proud of you.” Our countrymen again? Union soldiers cheered to the victory and artillery cannons boomed in celebration, but Grant ordered them to stop. “We did not want to exult over their downfall,” he wrote. “The war [was] over. There rebels [were] our countrymen again.” Lee’s Army of North Virginia stacked arms and surrendered its battle flags on April 12, 1865 and by late June, all Confederate forces had laid down their arms.