Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Terminology Ungulate Relationship Lab: Terms associated with Taxonomy: Ungulate: are hoofed placenta mammals that walk on the tips of their toes. Its two orders are the perissodactyla and the artiodactyla Perissodactyla: Ungulates with an odd number of toes Artiodactyla: Ungulates with an even number of toes. From the superorder cetartiodactyla Suids: Members of the suborder Suina, possess upper and lower incisors and well developed canines used as tusks for mating display or digging. They also have simple, non-ruminant stomachs and their intestinal tracks lack large ceca. – Biological Family of Pigs Cervids: A mammal of the deer family (Cervidae). Males have antlers. Includes deer, raindeer, moose, caribou, and elk. Bovids: Of or belonging to the family Bovidae, which includes hoofed, hollow-horned ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, and buffaloes. The sheath is a permanent part of the horn. In the Artiodactyla suborder Ruminanti Terms Associated with Locomotion: Unguligrade: A type of locomotion where Ungulates walk on the tips of their toes Digitigrade: An animal that stands or walks on its digits, or toes Plantigrade: A type of locomotion when animals walk with the podials and metatarsals flat on the ground. Simply stated, walking on the sole with the heel touching the ground. Example: Humans Terms Associated with Leg/Foot Structure (hind limbs): Astragalus: The unique shape of this tarsal causes a special ankle in Artiodactyla. It is a pulley shaped joint surface that restricts the foot to forward and backward movement. The shape restricts lateral rotation. Calcaneum: The quadrangular bone at the back of the tarsus. Also known as called heel bone. Cannon Bone: A supporting bone of the leg in some hoofed mammals, analogous to the metacarpus of the hand or the metatarsus of the foot in humans Coffin Bone: The pedal bone, commonly known as the coffin bone (U.S.), is the bottommost bone in the equine leg and is encased by the hoof capsule. Tarsals: Bones located in the midfoot and rearfoot areas. The seven tarsal bones in the foot and ankle are called; "talus," "calcaneus," "navicular," "cuboid," "medial cuneiform," "intermediate cuneiform" and "lateral cuneiform." Metatarsals: One of the five cylindrical bones extending from the heel (the tarsus) to the toes on each foot. The metatarsals are numbered from the inside out, so the first metatarsal extends to the big toe and the fifth metatarsal goes to the littlest toe. Phalanges: The Bones between the finger and toe joints Terms Associated with Dentition: Bunodont: Molars with rounded cusps Selenodont: Cheek Teeth. The tooth has a crescent-shaped ridge or ridges Lophodont: The tooth has a few ridges perpendicular to the jaw. Brachydont: Low crowned teeth Hypsodont: There is a lot of enamel and dentine above the gum-line and the top of the pulp. This kind of molar is found in mammals that wear their teeth a lot, such as the horse Incisors: Found in mammals. They are the eight front teeth. Used for biting because they can cut sharply Canines: Cuspids, dogteeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth. Used to tear apart, occasionally even used as weapons. Pre-Molars: located before the molars. They are considered transitional teeth, used for guiding food from the cuspids back to the molars for chewing. Humans have eight premolars, two in each dental quadrant. Molars: A grinding tooth at the back of a mammal's mouth. Cheek Teeth: Any of the three posterior chewing teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws in human adults. A combination of molars and pre-molars. Terms Associated with Digestive Tract: Hindgut fermenter: The breakdown of certain materials by bacterial microbes in the digestive tract. It is most commonly associated with organisms with a developed GI tract other than ruminants. It usually occurs in the caecum or colon. Foregut fermenter (ruminant): They have two sacks (a tubiform and a sacciform fore stomach) containing lots of microbes. These microbes consume glucose from cellulose but produce fatty acids that the animal can use for energy. Terminology Associated with Enzymes: Enzyme: A substance, usually a protein, produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction Isoenzyme (isozyme): Each of two or more enzymes with identical function but different structure Amino Acid: A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl ( COOH) and an amino ( NH2) group. They occur naturally in plant and animal tissues and form the basic constituents of proteins. Polypeptide: A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule Dye-coupled reaction: Organic chemistry term where two hydrocarbon fragments are coupled with the aid of a metal catalyst. Oxidized: Combine or become combined chemically with oxygen. Undergo or cause to undergo a reaction in which electrons are lost to another species. Reduced: When electrons or added to a substance it is being reduced