Download Terminology Ungulate Relationship Lab: Terms associated with

Terminology Ungulate Relationship Lab:
Terms associated with Taxonomy:
Ungulate: are hoofed placenta mammals that walk on the tips of their toes. Its two orders are the
perissodactyla and the artiodactyla
Perissodactyla: Ungulates with an odd number of toes
Artiodactyla: Ungulates with an even number of toes. From the superorder cetartiodactyla
Suids: Members of the suborder Suina, possess upper and lower incisors and well developed
canines used as tusks for mating display or digging. They also have simple, non-ruminant
stomachs and their intestinal tracks lack large ceca. – Biological Family of Pigs
Cervids: A mammal of the deer family (Cervidae). Males have antlers. Includes deer, raindeer,
moose, caribou, and elk.
Bovids: Of or belonging to the family Bovidae, which includes hoofed, hollow-horned ruminants
such as cattle, sheep, goats, and buffaloes. The sheath is a permanent part of the horn. In the
Artiodactyla suborder Ruminanti
Terms Associated with Locomotion:
Unguligrade: A type of locomotion where Ungulates walk on the tips of their toes
Digitigrade: An animal that stands or walks on its digits, or toes
Plantigrade: A type of locomotion when animals walk with the podials and metatarsals flat on
the ground. Simply stated, walking on the sole with the heel touching the ground. Example:
Humans
Terms Associated with Leg/Foot Structure (hind limbs):
Astragalus: The unique shape of this tarsal causes a special ankle in Artiodactyla. It is a pulley
shaped joint surface that restricts the foot to forward and backward movement. The shape
restricts lateral rotation.
Calcaneum: The quadrangular bone at the back of the tarsus. Also known as called heel bone.
Cannon Bone: A supporting bone of the leg in some hoofed mammals, analogous to the
metacarpus of the hand or the metatarsus of the foot in humans
Coffin Bone: The pedal bone, commonly known as the coffin bone (U.S.), is the bottommost
bone in the equine leg and is encased by the hoof capsule.
Tarsals: Bones located in the midfoot and rearfoot areas. The seven tarsal bones in the foot and
ankle are called; "talus," "calcaneus," "navicular," "cuboid," "medial cuneiform," "intermediate
cuneiform" and "lateral cuneiform."
Metatarsals: One of the five cylindrical bones extending from the heel (the tarsus) to the toes on
each foot. The metatarsals are numbered from the inside out, so the first metatarsal extends to the
big toe and the fifth metatarsal goes to the littlest toe.
Phalanges: The Bones between the finger and toe joints
Terms Associated with Dentition:
Bunodont: Molars with rounded cusps
Selenodont: Cheek Teeth. The tooth has a crescent-shaped ridge or ridges
Lophodont: The tooth has a few ridges perpendicular to the jaw.
Brachydont: Low crowned teeth
Hypsodont: There is a lot of enamel and dentine above the gum-line and the top of the pulp. This kind
of molar is found in mammals that wear their teeth a lot, such as the horse
Incisors: Found in mammals. They are the eight front teeth. Used for biting because they can cut
sharply
Canines: Cuspids, dogteeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are
relatively long, pointed teeth. Used to tear apart, occasionally even used as weapons.
Pre-Molars: located before the molars. They are considered transitional teeth, used for guiding
food from the cuspids back to the molars for chewing. Humans have eight premolars, two in each
dental quadrant.
Molars: A grinding tooth at the back of a mammal's mouth.
Cheek Teeth: Any of the three posterior chewing teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws
in human adults. A combination of molars and pre-molars.
Terms Associated with Digestive Tract:
Hindgut fermenter: The breakdown of certain materials by bacterial microbes in the digestive
tract. It is most commonly associated with organisms with a developed GI tract other than
ruminants. It usually occurs in the caecum or colon.
Foregut fermenter (ruminant): They have two sacks (a tubiform and a sacciform fore stomach)
containing lots of microbes. These microbes consume glucose from cellulose but produce fatty
acids that the animal can use for energy.
Terminology Associated with Enzymes:
Enzyme: A substance, usually a protein, produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring
about a specific biochemical reaction
Isoenzyme (isozyme): Each of two or more enzymes with identical function but different structure
Amino Acid: A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl ( COOH) and an amino ( NH2)
group. They occur naturally in plant and animal tissues and form the basic constituents of proteins.
Polypeptide: A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded
together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule
Dye-coupled reaction: Organic chemistry term where two hydrocarbon fragments are coupled
with the aid of a metal catalyst.
Oxidized: Combine or become combined chemically with oxygen. Undergo or cause to undergo
a reaction in which electrons are lost to another species.
Reduced: When electrons or added to a substance it is being reduced