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Biodiversity: Who cares? Which do you like better? A B Which do you like better? A B Which do you like better? A B What do you think biodiversity means? Biodiversity What does “Bio” mean? Bio = Biodiversity What does “Diversity” mean? Diversity = Variety Biodiversity ALL organisms in an area More kinds of organisms = greater biodiversity High biodiversity = healthy, sustainable environment The essential interdependence of all living things • Scientists have identified more than 2 million species. Tens of millions -- remain unknown •The tremendous variety of life on Earth is made possible by complex interactions among all living things including microscopic species like algae and mites. There are 3 components of biodiversity 1. Variety of genes Chihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers are all dogs—but they're not the same because their genes are different. Chihuahua Beagle Rottweilers There are 3 components of biodiversity 2. Variety of species For example, monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties are all different species. Saki Monkey Golden Skimmer Meadow Beauty There are 3 components of biodiversity 3. Variety of ecosystems Prairies, Ponds, and tropical rain forests are all ecosystems. Each one is different, with its own set of species living in it. Paines Prairie Florida Sand hill Pond Hoh Rain Forest Components of biodiversity Species diversity: the number and abundance of species Ecosystem diversity: The variety of ecosystems found in a place or on earth Genetic Diversity: Variety in traits/genes in a species Which has more cultural diversity? A B Biodiversity Where is the biodiversity Everywhere Every continent and habitat has unique life forms Concentrated in the tropics Panama: > 500 species of breeding birds Arctic: 50-100 species 16 June 2010 Dense concentrations Biodiversity.ppt 15 Which has more biodiversity? A B Should we be concerned about biodiversity? What we know: The Earth is losing species at an alarming rate Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per hour are going extinct and 20,000 extinctions occur each year. when species of plants and animals go extinct, many other species are affected. Biodiversity has Intrinsic Value Intrinsic Value = Something that has value in and of itself Biodiversity also has utilitarian Value Utilitarian Value = the value something has as a means to another’s end. Utilitarian values include: • Goods • Services • Information Benefits of Biodiversity • • • • • • • • • Food Medicine Clean water Clean air Oxygen Space for living (habitat) Aesthetic/cultural benefits Natural resources Inspiration for creating 16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 20 Natural Resources Vital economic natural resources Renewable Nonrenewable 16 June 2010 Forests (plants, wildlife) Soils Fresh water (lakes, rivers) Wildlife and fisheries Rangeland Minerals Fossil Fuels Biodiversity.ppt 21 Benefits of Biodiversity • New/variety of food sources – 16 June 2010 Grains, fruits, vegetables, meat, fish Biodiversity.ppt 22 Benefits of Biodiversity • Medicines • • • Plants Jellyfish & sea anemones Nudibranchs • 16 June 2010 Marine slugs Biodiversity.ppt 23 What is Biodiversity? The variety of life! genes species ecosystems Threats to biodiversity Habitat destruction Invasive (Introduced) Species Population Growth Pollution Over-harvesting = Over exploitation ~HIPPO~ Threats to Biodiversity Extinction and population reductions Hunting and overharvesting 16 June 2010 Tiger Dodo Whales Sharks Habitat loss Biodiversity.ppt 26 Threats to Biodiversity Extinction and population reductions 16 June 2010 Pollution Climate change Invasive species Biodiversity.ppt 27 Chinese Tallow Tree Invasive Species in our area Sustainability Definition: when a population of plants, animals and other living organisms can continue to interact and reproduce indefinitely… it is the capacity to endure, to continue on. The more links in a food web, the more stable and sustainableit is. What is sustainable use? To use natural resources at a rate that the Earth can renew them. Threats to Sustainability Disease Environmental change Limited resources Catastrophic events Human disturbance Invasive Species The more organism that can fulfill a particular niche (energy role) in an ecosystem the more likely it is to sustain a threat. Sustainable Use of Biodiversity To use biodiversity in a sustainable manner means to use natural resources at a rate that the Earth can renew them. What kinds of natural resources are we talking about here? Biodiversity and Sustainability The biodiversity of an ecosystem contributes to the sustainability of that ecosystem. Higher/more biodiversity = more sustainable Lower/less biodiversity = less sustainable High biodiversity in an ecosystem means that there is a great variety of genes and species in that ecosystem. What is Biodiversity? The variety of life! genes species ecosystems Sustainable Use of Biodiversity To use biodiversity in a sustainable manner means to use natural resources at a rate that the Earth can renew them. It is a way to ensure that we meet the needs of present generations and future generations. Are we part of these ecosystems? Think food webs!!!!!!!!!!!!! YES! The more links in a food web, the more stable and sustainableit is. Protecting Biodiversity How can we protect biodiversity Stop overharvesting Sustainable yield Hunting & fishing laws (every state ?) Protect habitat 16 June 2010 in developing nations ? Refuges, parks, preserves Endangered Species Act Clean Air & Water Act Stop over grazing Biodiversity.ppt 39 Protecting Biodiversity Endangered Species Act (1973) 16 June 2010 Listing of “endangered” and “threatened” species Restricts development of habitats Captive breeding programs Release of captive bred stocks to enhance or recover wild populations. http://www.fws.gov/e ndangered/ Biodiversity.ppt 40 Protecting Biodiversity Endangered Species Act (1973) Goal to “recover” species so they no longer need protection under ESA Implements U.S. participation in CITES “Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species” Prohibits trade in listed species whole organisms parts: skins, bones, teeth, flowers, leaves, etc. Other laws: Marine Mammal Protection Act Migratory Bird Treaty Act Anadromous Fish Conservation Act etc. 16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 41 Protecting Biodiversity Refuges, parks, preserves How big should refuges be? Where should they be? McArthur & Wilson “Theory of Island Biogeography” 16 June 2010 colonization rate extinction rate (local) predicts number of species Biodiversity.ppt 42 Formative Assessment Examine the two food webs below. Make 3 claims about why one of the food webs below is less sustainable than the other. Support your claims with explanation as well as evidence from the food webs. What can you do? As a group brainstorm a list of things YOU can do to protect biodiversity!