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Chapter 12 Notes Chapter 12 Timeline 589 – 618 SUI DYNASTY (CHINA) 602 – 664 LIFE OF XUANZANG 604 – 618 REIGN OF SUI YANGDI 618 – 907 TANG DYNASTY (CHINA) 627 – 649 REIGN OF TANG TAIZONG 669 – 935 SILLA DYNASTY (KOREA) 710 – 794 NARA PERIOD (JAPAN) 755 – 757 AN LUSHAN’S REBELLION 794 – 1185 HEIAN PERIOD (JAPAN) 960 – 1279 SONG DYNASTY (CHINA) 960 – 976 REIGN OF SONG TAIZU 1024 FIRST ISSUANCE OF GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED PAPER MONEY The Restoration of Centralized Imperial Rule in China THE SUI DYNASTY Establishment of the Sui Dynasty: Yang Jian tight political discipline; Turkish ruler appointed him duke of Sui claimed throne and Mandate of Heaven; strong, centralized government at great human and financial cost high costs and compulsory labor services The Grand Canal: largest waterworks project before modern times; Sui Yangdi trade between Northern and Southern China; Chinese rivers flow East to West THE TANG DYNASTY Tang Taizong: ambitious and ruthless; murdered two of his brothers and pushed father aside; capital at Chang’an Confucian ruler; bandits went away, price of rice remained low, 2.5% tax rate; 3 policies: well-articulated transportation and communication networks, equal-field system, and reliance on merit-based bureaucracy Transportation and Communications: Extensive networks; couriers traveled by horse; human runners (some 9,600 runners) The Equal-Field System: allocation of agricultural lands; allotted lands according to the land’s fertility and the recipients’ needs; rapidly rising population brought pressure on the land Bureaucracy of Merit: government officials through Confucian education system general loyal, preserve and strengthen state; survived until collapse of Qing dynasty Military Expansion: Manchuria, Silla kingdom into Korea, Northern part of VMI Tang Foreign Relations: Revived the Han dynasty’s practice of the tribute system; kowtow – ritual prostration – subordinates knelt down before emperor and touched foreheads to the ground Tang Decline: THE SONG DYNASTY Song Taizu: First Song emperor; started as junior military officer; honest and effective; consolidated Song control throughout China and organized a centralized administration that placed military under tight supervision Confucian education and civil service exams Song Weaknesses: As # of bureaucrats and the size of their rewards grew, the imperial treasury came under tremendous pressure; military – bureaucrats were put in charge of the armies; nomadic Jurchen overran Northern China Jin empire moved capital to the prosperous port city of Hangzhou; Song’s only in Southern China The Economic Development of Tang and Song China AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Fast-ripening Rice: Expanded supply of food New Agricultural Techniques: heavy iron plows, harnessed oxen and water buffaloes, enriched soil with manure and composted organic matter; extensive irrigation systems Population Growth: Urbanization: During Tang dynasty the imperial capital of Chang’an was the world’s most populous city; During Song Dynasty China was the most urbanized land Patriarchal Social Structures: Tightening of PSS in Tang and Song China; veneration of ancestors much more elaborate than before Foot Binding: Strengthened patriarchal authority; spread among privileged classes Wu Zhao: The Lady Emperor: Confucian principals said men were the leaders factions emerged to oppose her rule; Secret police force brutal punishment for those who stood in the way, strengthened civil service systems; “ruled from behind a screen” TECHNOLOGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Porcelain: chinaware Metallurgy: Surge of iron and steel production Gunpowder: Daoist alchemists gunpowder in bamboo “fire lances” – limited military effectiveness Printing: block-printing; produce texts quickly, cheaply, and in huge quantities Naval Technology: By Song Dynasty iron nails, waterproofed with oils, furnished with watertight bulkheads, driven by canvas and bamboo sails, steered by rudders, and navigated with the aid of “south-pointing needle” THE EMERGENCE OF A MARKET ECONOMY Financial Instruments: shortage of copper coins letters of credit wealthy merchants pioneered the use of printed paper money 1024 – 1st government issued paper money A Cosmopolitan Society: Large cities – Chang’an and Luoyang; port cities – Guangzhou and Quanzhou China and the Hemispheric Economy: Economic surge during Tang and Song dynasties thus promoted trade and economic growth throughout much of the Eastern Hemisphere Cultural Change in Tang and Song China THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BUDDHISM Foreign Religions in China: Buddhist merchants traveling the ancient silk roads visited China; Dunhuang: Mahayana Buddhism – big in Tang and Song; big Buddhism community in Dunhuang in Western China – hundreds of cave temples – murals depicting the lives of the Buddha and boddhisattvas assembled libraries – scriptoria to produce Buddhist texts Buddhism in China: Attracted the Chinese because of its high moral standards gave some of their harvests to local residents during hard times Buddhism and Daoism: Buddhist posed challenges to Chinese traditions – great emphasis on written texts; Confucians – equal weight on texts; Daoists – limited interest in written text; Buddhist morality – ascetic lifestyle celibate while Chinese culture encouraged family; monasteries were harmful to economy because they didn’t pay taxes; dharma = dao “the way”; nirvana = wuwei, the ethic of noncompetition Chan Buddhism: Chan (Japanese name = Zen); little interest in written texts – sudden flashes of insight; resembled Daoists as much as Buddhists; Tons of monasteries Monk Xuanzang – went to India for holy experiences Hospitality to Buddhism: Persecution: Tang emperors ordered the closure of monasteries and the expulsion of Buddhists as well as Zoroastrians NEO-CONFUCIANISM Confucians and Buddhism: Earliest Confucians concentrated resolutely on practical issues of politics and morality Song dynasty studied classic works of their tradition inspired by many aspects of Buddhism Neo-Confucian Influence: Cultural development: illustrates deep influence of Buddhism in Chinese socirty, and east Asia throughout a very long term Chinese Influence in East Asia KOREA AND VIETNAM The Silla Dynasty: Tang armies conquered Korea before Silla dynasty rallied. Agreed to a political compromise forces withdrew from Korea and Silla recognized Tang emperor Chinese Influence in Korea: Tributary relationship facilitated the spread of Chinese political and cultural influences to Korea new capital at Kumson; aristocrats dominated Korean society never established bureaucracy based on merit China and Vietnam: more tense than relations with Korea (Nam Viet) resistance by the Viet people; studied Confucian texts EARLY JAPAN Nara Japan: Centralized imperial government new capital city at Nara – replica of Tang Capital at Chang’an; continued to observe Shinto Heian Japan: Newly constructed capital; emperor rarely ruled – just figurehead Fujiwara family = real power The Tale of Genji: Muarasaki Shikibu – lady in waiting at the Heian court; Japanese syllabic Decline of Heian Japan: Changes in country side; equal-field system fell into disuse aristocratic clans dominated Taira and Minamoto engaged in war enstated clan lead shogun – military governor – places at Kamakura; imperial court at Kyoto MEDIEVAL JAPAN Political Decentralization: provincial lords had power samurai The Samurai: mounted warrior worked for provincial lords Chapter 13 Notes Chapter 13 Timeline 1st – 6th Cent Kingdom of Funan 606 – 648 Reign of Harsha 670 – 1025 Kingdom of Srivijaya 711 Conquest of Sind by Umayyad forces 850 – 1267 Chola Kingdom 889 – 1431 Kingdom of Angkor 1001 – 1027 Raids on India by Mahmud of Ghanzi 11th –12th Cen Life of Ramanuja 12th Cent Beginning of the Bhakti movement 1206 – 1526 Sultanate of Delhi 1336 – 1565 Kingdom of Vijayanagar Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms THE QUEST FOR CENTRALIZED IMPERIAL RULE Harsha: temporarily restored unified rule in most of Northern India and sought to revive imperial authority; massive military forces subdued anyone one who refused to recognize his authority Collapse of Harsha’s Kingdom: Unable to restore permanent centralized rule; assassinated THE INTRODUCTION OF ISLAM TO NORTHERN INDIA The Conquest of Sind: Arrival of Islam passed into the hands of the Abbasid caliphs until 1258 Merchants and Islam: conquerors brought Islam; Muslim merchants brought faith to coastal regions; Turkish Migrants and Islam: Entered India through Turkish-speaking peoples from central Asia Mahmud of Ghazni: Leader of Turks in Afghanistan; 17 raids of India; annexed several state just wanted wealth not the land The Sultanate of Delhi: more systematic campaign to conquer Northern India and place it under Islamic rule capital at Delhi sultans; no prominent bureaucracy; 35 sultans 19 assassinated THE HINDU KINGDOMS OF SOUTHERN INDIA The Chola Kingdom: Politically divided; Chola into South and Ceylon in SE Asia The Kingdom of Vijayamagar: Deccan southern India; 2 brothers – Harihara and Bukka; means “city of victory” – Hindu kingdom Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin AGRICULTURE IN THE MONSOON WORLD Monsoons: S India is Arid irrigation is crucial enormous investments of human energy Irrigation Systems: Population Growth: 14th Century = high point of the sultanate of Delhi Urbanization: TRADE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN INDIA Internal trade: Temples and Socities: autonomy; Public life revolved around Hundi temples keeping orders and delivering tax receipts to Cholas; temple authorities = bankers, made loans, and invested in commercial and business ventures CROSS-CULTURAL TRADE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN BASIN Emporia: Middle of Indian Ocean basin Indian ports = principal clearinghouse of trade in the Indian Ocean Basin; Arabs and Persians dominated carrying trade between India and point West Specialized Production: Influenced structure of the Indian economy demand for specific agricultural products livelihood for 1000s of artisans enabled consumers to import goods from other places in the Indian Ocean Basin; China – silk, porcelain, and lacquerware; SE Asia – spices; SW Asia - incense, horses, and dates CASTE AND SOCIETY Caste and Migration: Reflected Indian society codes of conduct for behavior within groups and between other castes Caste and Social Change: Adapted to social changes brought about by trade and economic development jati; workers guilds Expansion of the Caste System: More complex The Meeting of Hindu and Islamic Traditions THE DEVELOPMENT OF HINDUISM Vishnu and Shiva: Hinduism up when Buddhism down; divisional cults – Vishnu (preserver of the world) and Shiva (god of fertility) Devotional Cults: Promised salvation; real popular in S India Shankara and Ramanuja: took the Upanishads as a point of departure; Shiva digested all sacred Hindu writings; physical world = figment of the imagination; Ramanuja – devotee of Vishnu followed the Bhagavad Gita ISLAM AND ITS APPEAL Conversion to Islam: Some Indians adopted Islam in hopes of improving their position in society Sufis: Most effective agents of conversion to Islam didn’t insist on fine points of doctrine The Bhakti Movement: Cult of love and devotion that ultimately sought to erase the distinction between Hunduism and Islam Guru Kabir: Blind weaver Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah = all manifestations of a single, universal, deity The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia THE STATES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA Indian Influence in Southeast Asia: Indian forms of political organization adopted kingship and courts; embraced Indian literature such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharta promoted hindu valued Funan: First state to have incorporated Indian influence; dominated the lower reaches of the Mekong River Srivijaya: Angkor: THE ARRIVAL OF ISLAM Conversion to Islam: Melaka: