Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cancer: large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth + spread of abnormal cells. - 2nd leading cause of death for Americans of all age groups neoplasm: a new growth of tissue serving no physiological function that occurs when something interrupts normal cell programming. - often forms a tumor: clumping of cells Tumors can be: malignant- cancerous, dangerous benign- non-cancerous, harmless biopsy- microscopic examination of tissue to determine whether a cancer is present. metastasis: process by which cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body mutant cells: cells that differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells - can be produced by disrupting RNA or DNA -Women aged 60 and older face high risk of breast cancer (1 in 27). Men can also get breast cancer. Cellular Change/Mutation Theories - cancer results from spontaneous errors during cell reproduction. -cancer caused by external agent(s) that enter a normal cell and initiate cancerous process. -environmental factors: radiation, chemicals, hormonal drugs, immunosuppressant drugs (suppress normal immune system activity), toxins. carcinogens: cancer-causing agents -cigarettes most common one oncogenes: suspected cancer-causing genes . usually dormant but conditions such as age, stress, exposure to carcinogens may activate them. Lifetime risk: probability that an individual over the course of a lifetime will develop cancer or die from it. - 76% of cancers diagnosed at ages 55+. Relative risk: measure of strength of relationship between risk factors and a cancer. Lifestyle affects risk of cancer. -diet, physical activity, tobacco use, dietary choices. -Cancer more common among overweight people; risk increases as obesity increases. Genetic factors: higher risk of cancer if it runs in the family. -3 or more generations diagnosed w/ similar cancers - 3 or more cancers on the same side of family - family members diagnosed with cancer at a younger age than usual Reproductive/Hormonal Risks: -late menarche(first period), early menopause,early first childbirth, high parity(lots of children) reduce risk of breast cancer. -estrogen supplementation (oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy) increase risk. Environemtal factors: -working in construction and exposed to chemicals such as benzene, arsenic, vinyl chloride, certain dyes, herbicides, pesticides Radiation: - IR (ionizing radiation) from X rays, radon, cosmic rays, UV rays Chemicals in food: - sodium nitrate (nitrosamines is the carcinogen in it), herbicides, pesticides. Infectious diseases and cancer: -Hepatitis B, C,are linked with liver cancer b/c they stimulate growth of cancer cells due to inflammation and cause cirrhosis (scarring of liver) - HPV (human papillomavirus) linked with cervical cancer. Types of cancer Carcinomas: epithelial tissues (covering surfaces and body cavities). affect outer layer of skin, mouth, mucous membranes. -metastasize through circulatory or lymphatic system Sarcomas: occur in the mesodermal (middle layers of tissue)--> bones, muscle. -metastasize in blood, ore virulent than carcinomas Lymphomas: develop in the lymphatic system (infection fighting regions). -ex.Hodgkin’s disease Leukemias: cancer of the blood-forming parts of body (spleen, bone marrow) - different from others b/c nonsolid tumor (increase in white blood cells) Lung Cancer: -leading cause of cancer death for men and women in U.S. Prevention: don’t smoke, avoid exposure to second hand smoke. Breast Cancer: -detected by mammograms -BSE (breast self examination) Symptoms: lump in the breast, thickening, dimpling, skin irritation, etc Risk factors: age, early menstrual periods + late menopause, oral contraceptives, never having children, >2 drinks of alcohol daily, etc. Colon + Rectal Cancers: 3rd most common cancer in men and women Risk factors: age 50+, obesity, family history of polyps (benign growths), smoking, diets high in fat, low intake of fruits + vegetables Symptoms + Treatment: bleeding from rectum, in stool, changes in bowel habits. -Colonoscopy are recommended screening tests Prevention: regular exercise, balanced diet, healthy weight, low alcohol consumption Skin Cancer: malignant melanoma- deadliest form of skin cancer, occur at higher rate in women aged 40+ - a virulent cancer of the melanocytes (pigment producing cells) of the skin Higher risk for people with: fair skin, light hair/eyes, burn easily, family history, don’t use sunscreen -African Americans have highest risk Prostate cancer: -most common cancer in American mend, except skin cancer. 2nd leading cause of cancer death after lung cancer. -difficulty urinating, frequent urination Risk factors: age (65+), race (african american men more likely than white, family history, diet (high in fat), physical inactivity, obesity, vasectomy. -eat more fruits and vegetables Ovarian Cancer: 5th leading cause of cancer death in women -enlargement of abdomen, weight loss, change in bowel habbits Risk factors: family history, never been pregnant, fertility drugs, genetics. Cervical + Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer -Pap test- cells taken from cervical region are examined for abnormal cellular activity. effective in early stages of cervical, not uterine cancer. Risk factors for cervical: early age at first intercourse, smoking, STDs, HPV, herpesvirus. Risk factors for endometrial: age, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, history Testicular Cancer: greatest risk for ages 15 an 35. -men with undescended testicles at greatest risk, geneticsalso play a part. - enlargement of testes, thickening of tissue -TSE (testicular self examination) Pancreatic Cancer: 4th leading cause of cancer death in both men and women -Risks: chronic inflammation of pancreas, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, high-fat diet, smoking Leukemia: immature white blood cells crowd out normals ones that fight infection, platelets, and red blood cells. - fatigue, paleness, weight loss, bruising, etc -acute or chronic What to look out for: C change in bowel or bladder habits A A sore that does not heal U unusual bleeding or discharge T thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere I Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing O obvious change in wart/mole N nagging cough or hoarseness Detecting Cancer: -Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) - electromagnet that detects tumors by mapping vibrations of atoms -Computed tomography scan (CT scan)- uses xrays to examine body Treatments: -radiotherapy -use of radiation -chemotherapy - use of drugs to kill cancerous cells 3 Top Treatments: radiation, surgery, chemotherapy Excluding lung cancer, #1 cancer in women is breast cancer, #1 in men: prostate cancer. protocol- individual plan of treatment by doctor Biopsy- for definitive diagnosis, look at cells under microscope. Prognosis- prediction, assessment made by doctor for growth of cancer, expectations. this is made before protocol.