Download Chapter 37- Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Chapter 37- Circulatory and
Respiratory Systems
Dragonfly Textbook Pages (943-969)
37-1 and 37-2: The Circulatory System
• Dragonfly Textbook (pgs. 943-950)
1) What are the functions
of the circulatory system?
Circulatory system consist of:
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
Circulatory system is a closed
transport system in which blood is
pumped by the heart through
blood vessels
Functions:
1) The circulatory system serves to
transports nutrients and oxygen to
cells.
2) Transports hormones throughout
the body.
3) Carries wastes away from the cells.
4) Protects the body from infection.
2) How does the circulatory system
help maintain homeostasis?
Arteries, capillaries, and veins help to transport nutrients and
oxygen TOWARD the body cells, while taking carbon
dioxide and other wastes AWAY from body cells.
Where does this
sound come from?
Weird Science Fact
The heart will continue to beat for
several minutes after removal from
the body due to its own internal
electrical system.
3) Structure Of The Heart
• The heart is a MUSCULAR pump
with FOUR CHAMBERS.
• Two Atria: Upper, THIN walled
chambers that receive blood from
the body.
• Two Ventricles: Lower, THICK
walled chambers that force blood
into arteries.
• Valves: Which prevent the
backflow of blood
• Septum: separates right and left
sides.
4) Types Of Circulation
PULMONARY CIRCULATION:
Blood travels between the
RIGHT side of heart and the
lungs (to get oxygen).
-
SYSTEMIC CIRUCLATION:
Blood travels from the LEFT
-
side of the heart to the rest of
the body (to deliver oxygen and
nutrients).
4) Types of Circulation:
Coronary Circulation:
Responsible for delivering blood
to the heart tissue so it can have
the oxygen & nutrients to
pump.
Pulmonary Circulation
• Pulmonary Artery:
DEOXYGENATED blood
leaves the heart from the R.
ventricle travels through
this vessel to the lungs.
• Lungs: OXYGENATED blood
now re-enters the L. atria
through the Pulmonary
Veins.
Systemic Circulation
• OXYGENATED blood is
pumped from the L. Ventricle
through the AORTA to the
rest of the body.
• After oxygen is removed by
body tissue, the
DEOXYGENATED blood reenters the R. atria through
the S. & I. Vena Cava.
5) Why is the septum important?
• It separates
oxygen POOR
blood (right side of
the heart) from
oxygen RICH blood
(left side of the
heart).
Atrial Septum Disorder
6) Path Of Blood Through The heart
Body
Vena
Cave
Aorta
Right Atria
Left
Ventricle
Right
Ventricle
Pulmonary
Artery
Left Atria
Pulmonary
Veins
Lungs
7) Regulation of the Heartbeat:
A specific region of the heart muscle
located in the RA sets the rate at
which it contracts (pacemaker). Systole: 1-5
Heart Cycle:
Diastole: 6
1) RA & LA contract
2) RV & LV fill with blood
3) RA & LA relax
4) RV & LV contract
5) Blood enters aorta & PA
6) Entire heart is relaxed
The pacemaker is influenced by (allows for heart to refill with
both the nervous and endocrine blood).
systems.
8) Pulse
When you take someone's
pulse you are feeling the
expansion and relaxation of
an artery.
A normal RESTING pulse =
about 70-80 beats/minute
Weird Scientific Fact
The body of an adult
contains over 60,000 miles
of blood vessels.
9) Types of blood vessels
a) Arteries
-They carry blood AWAY from the heart.
-Walls are thick and elastic.
-Very muscular (blood is under high
pressure)
Carry Oxygenated Blood (bright red)
Exception: Pulmonary Artery carries
deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick
up oxygen
Weird Scientific fact
The human heart creates
enough pressure when it
pumps out to the body to
squirt blood about 30 feet.
b) Veins
-Thin walled, stiff, and have LITTLE
muscle (blood is under LOW pressure)
-Veins have 1 way VALVES
-RETURNS blood to the heart.
-Carries deoxygenated blood
-Exception: pulmonary vein carries
oxygenated blood from the lungs.
c) Capillaries
- Where arteries and veins connect.
-They are microscopic (1 cell thick)
-Materials are exchanged through
thin walls.
-Carries oxygen & nutrients to all
tissue, and CO2 and waste away.
10) Chemical Exchange: Blood & Body Tissue
Interstitial fluid (Intercellular Fluid)- liquid solution that
surrounds the cells of our bodies.
CO2
O2 O2 O2 O2
O2
O2 O2
O2
O2
CO2
CO2 CO
2
CO2
CO2
CO2
11) What are the main functions and
components of blood?
Functions:
• Transport
• Regulation
• Protection
Components
• Plasma
• Red Blood Cells
• White Blood Cells
• Platelets
12) Plasma
• Straw colored, liquid portion of
blood
• Makes up 55% of total blood
volume
• 90% water
• Salts, proteins, glucose, amino
acids, enzymes, hormones, and
cellular wastes
13) Cellular Components:
a) Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
• Small donut shaped cells
• Contain hemoglobin – the red oxygen
carrying pigment.
• They have NO NUCLEUS or
MITOCHONDRIA and cannot
REPRODUCE (at maturity they lose
nucleus). (Review: Where are blood
cells produced?)
Weird Science fact
5 million RBC’s can fit on the head
of a pin, and over 5 trillion RBC’s
are present in your body at any
given time.
b) White Blood cells
• Large cells with a nucleus.
• Less numerous than RBC’s.
• Defenders of the body.
• Types:
• Phagocytes: engulf and destroy bacteria
• Lymphocytes: produce antibodies
Types of White Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Cell Type
Function
Neutrophils
Engulf and destroy small bacteria
and foreign substances
Eosinophils
Attack parasites; limit inflammation
associated with allergic reactions
Basophils
Release histamines that cause
inflammation; release
anticoagulants, which prevent blood
clots
Monocytes
Give rise to leukocytes that engulf
and destroy large bacteria and
substances
Lymphocytes
Some destroy foreign cells by causing
their membranes to rupture; some
develop into cells that produce
antibodies, which target specific
foreign substances
c) Platelets
-Much smaller than RBC’s
and WBC's
-Plays a role in blood
clotting
14) What happens when we get a cut?
1
2
3
1. Break in the blood vessel wall.
2. Platelets collect in the open wound.
3.An enzyme reaction creates fibrin (thin strands) that
create a network to collect RBC’s and clot the wound.
15) Interstitial Fluid and Lymph
• The watery fluid that surrounds all cells.
• Anything diffusing into cells must diffuse
through the interstitial fluid.
• Interstitial fluid is called LYMPH when it
enters lymphatic vessels before it gets
back into the blood.
16) Lymphatic System:
1) Collects and returns much of the
interstitial fluid back to the circulatory
system.
2) Has lymphatic vessels.
3) Lymph Nodes- located at certain points
throughout the lymphatic system. They
contain immune cells which help the
body fight off infections.
“Swollen glands”- are actually swollen lymph
nodes which become enlarged when
microorganisms are trapped.
37-3: The Respiratory System
• Dragonfly Textbook (pgs. 956-963)
Weird Science Fact
You breathe about 21,600 times every day.
If you spread out your lungs, they would
cover the floor of a racquetball court
(about 70 square yards).
Men can hold about 6 quarts of air in their
lungs. Women can hold about 4.5 quarts.
A sneeze shoots air out of your lungs at 100
miles per hour!
1) What is the pathway of inhaled air?
Nasal
Passage
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchial
Tubes
Alveoli
(inside lungs)
2) Nose and Nasal Passage
• The air enters the nose and is
filtered, warmed and moistened
before entering the lungs.
3) Pharynx
Back of the throat
Epiglottis covers the
windpipe so food goes
down esophagus and not
trachea
4) Trachea
• Windpipe
• Rings of cartilage keep it open
• The larynx (voice box is located at the top)
5) Bronchial Tubes
Bronchi – Two tubes branching
from the trachea.
Bronchioles – smaller branches
from the bronchi (looks like a tree).
6) Alveoli
• Tiny (grape like) air sacs at the end of
bronchioles surrounded by capillaries that
increase the surface area of the lungs.
• RESPIRATORY SURFACE, gas exchange
takes place here.
• About 300 million in our lungs.
How does the structure of alveoli aid in gas
exchange?
7) Gas Exchange:
CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2
O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
O2 O2
O2 O2
O2 O2
O2 O2
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2
Carbon dioxide & oxygen are
exchanged between capillaries and
alveoli by the process of diffusion.
7) Other Structures
• Pleura – coverings of the lungs.
• Diaphragm – flat muscle on the floor of
the chest.
• Pressure changes causes the lungs to
expand and contract.
8) Internal vs. External Respiration
• INTERNAL – cellular respiration – occurs
inside cells, oxygen and carbon dioxide
are exchanged between body cells and
capillaries, energy is released
• EXTERNAL – exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between the air, blood,
and lungs – occurs outside cells
9) Inhalation/Exhalation
• INHALATION: ribs move up,
diaphragm moves down, chest
cavity becomes larger,
pressure decreases, AIR
ENTERS!
• EXHALATION: ribs drop,
diaphragm relaxes, cavity
becomes smaller, pressure
increases, AIR EXITS!
10) The Breathing Rate is controlled by:
• Concentration of carbon dioxide
• Exercise
• Foreign particles
• Center in brain
11) Regulation of Breathing:
Breathing Rate is controlled by the amount of
CO2, not O2!!
Exercise
CO2
H2CO3
Blood pH
Breathing Rate