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Evidence of Common Ancestry Biological Evolution and Classification Part I: Anatomical Homologies 1. What is a homologous structure, and what are some examples? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Describe the Cambrian explosion and its significance. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. Humans are mammals, and mammals are defined by having a certain set of anatomical homologies. Think about some familiar mammals. What are some homologous structures that are shared by all mammals? List them. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. How is the human forelimb similar to that of the other three mammals you examined? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Why does this suggest a distant, common ancestry to other vertebrates? Explain your answer. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 6. Analyze the forelimbs you constructed and labeled. What similarities would you expect to find in the forelimb of a reptile, such as a small gecko? Identify and explain. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 1 Evidence of Common Ancestry Biological Evolution and Classification Part II: Developmental Homologies 1. What are developmental homologies, and how are they studied? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is a chordate, and what do all chordates have in common? Explain. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. List five familiar organisms that are in the phylum chordata. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is a notochord and where is it found? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Title, color, and label the diagram below. TITLE: 6. What do all chordates have in common during embryonic development? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2 Evidence of Common Ancestry Biological Evolution and Classification Part III: Molecular Homologies 1. Number of Differences in Cyt C Amino Acid Sequences Human & Chimpanzee Rhesus monkey Cow, Pig, Sheep Kangaroo Bullfrog Human & Chimpanzee Rhesus monkey 0 1 Cow, Pig, Sheep Kangaroo Bullfrog 0 0 0 0 1. Why are organisms with similar genetic sequences also likely to have similar protein configurations? What is an example of this? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Cows, pigs, and sheep have identical amino acid sequences for Cyt c. What does this say about their evolutionary relatedness? What other properties do these species have in common? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. Look at the table you completed above. If you were to sequence the amino acids for a snapping turtle, which organism would you predict the sequences to most closely resemble? Why? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 3 Evidence of Common Ancestry Biological Evolution and Classification Reflections and Conclusions 1. What are the three main categories of homologies in living organisms? List them. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. If a new single-celled organism was discovered in a lake and scientists determined it contained DNA, would it share a common ancestry with other living species? Why or why not? Explain your answer. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. How do developmental homologies suggest common ancestry? Cite two specific animals that show such a homology. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. Explain how using homologies is a valid method for helping to determine relationships and ancestry between organisms? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Use all of the following terms to develop a graphic organizer on a separate sheet of paper. Terms: common ancestry, homologies, anatomical, developmental, molecular, forelimb, DNA, chordates, vertebrates, fossil record, bacteria, plants, animals. 4