Download Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower

Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
True / False Questions
1. The body's system of levers and muscles works synergistically to produce smooth,
powerful movement.
True False
2. A concentric contraction is a lengthening contraction of the muscles against gravity or
resistance.
True False
3. Traditional kinesiology is the study of the science of muscle movement, which involves
biomechanics, prescribed exercise, and anatomy.
True False
4. Stretching the rectus abdominis and obliques, or the core of the body, has many benefits.
True False
5. The reverse trunk flexion exercise strengthens the obliques.
True False
6. Flexing the legs during a crunch helps better isolate the low-back musculature; moreover,
less pressure is applied to the lumbar disks from the hamstrings.
True False
7. The importance of hamstring flexibility in sports and daily movement cannot be
overstated.
True False
21-1
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
8. In recent years, an increasing number of medical and allied health professionals have
stopped emphasizing the development of muscle groups through resistance-training and
circuit-training activities.
True False
9. As the body ages, muscle mass decreases, a condition called sarcopenia.
True False
10. The law of acceleration is as follows: A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the
same direction as the force that caused it.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
11. Hyperextension of the spine should be performed on a daily basis to help "open" the
anterior
A. core of the body.
B. part of the spine.
C. diaphragm.
D. plural cavity.
12. This exercise should never be performed with extended legs.
A. Lumbar extension
B. Leg flexion
C. Leg lifts
D. Sit ups
21-2
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
13. This exercise targets many of the hip and knee muscles.
A. Knee extension
B. Physio-Ball Wall Squats
C. Calf raises
D. Leg adduction
14. The type of contraction of a muscle is determined by whether the muscle is __________
during the movement.
A. relaxed or contracted
B. lengthening or shortening
C. controlled or stabilized
D. relaxed or static
15. The quadriceps muscle group contracts how when the body slowly lowers in a weightbearing movement through lower-extremity action?
A. Eccentrically
B. Concentrically
C. Isometrically
D. Isotonically
16. The body's system of levers and muscles works __________ to produce smooth, powerful
movement.
A. apart
B. synergistically
C. kinetically
D. concentrically
17. Low back pain can be helped by strengthening the
A. erector spinae.
B. quadratus lumborum.
C. abdominals.
D. core.
21-3
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
18. While regular crunches (sit-ups) work the rectus abdominus, this reverse crunch is a way
to isolate more fibers of
A. external oblique.
B. transverse abdominus.
C. rectus abdominus.
D. psoas.
19. What acts on joints and muscles that cause contractions to occur?
A. Dynamic force
B. Gravity
C. Vector force
D. Contracting force
20. Increasing muscle mass helps what condition?
A. Sarcopenia
B. Bursitis
C. Carpal tunnel
D. D.Obesity
Fill in the Blank Questions
21. The body's system of ____________ works synergistically to produce smooth, powerful
movement.
________________________________________
22. The ______ is a powerful thigh muscle that has a direct relationship to the knee and
patella.
________________________________________
21-4
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
23. As the body ages, muscle mass decreases, a condition called _________.
________________________________________
24. Dysfunctional gait directly affects ____________.
________________________________________
25. ________________ that condition areas and isolate the muscle groups can help
individuals maintain natural movement, abate injury, and enjoy a better quality of life.
________________________________________
26. Generally, _______________________________ consist of 10 repetitions and 2 to 3 sets.
________________________________________
27. A contraindication of lumbar extension is _________.
________________________________________
28. Physio ball squats strengthen mainly the _________ muscles.
________________________________________
29. The trunk stabilization exercise is ideal for _______ shoulder and hip areas.
________________________________________
30. Straight-leg hip hyperextension strengthens the often weak _________ hamstring.
________________________________________
21-5
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
31. Stretching the rectus femorus helps lengthen the belly of the muscle and can help correct
___________ disease.
________________________________________
32. The ________ contraction of a muscle helps muscle hypertrophy.
________________________________________
33. An imbalance between the posterior spine and _______ muscles could lead to injury.
________________________________________
34. The _________ functions as a decelerator to knee joint flexion in weight-bearing
movements by contracting eccentrically to prevent too rapid downward movement.
________________________________________
35. Despite common myths, ___________ does not ensure sufficient development of muscle
groups.
________________________________________
36. Therapists should stay within their scope of practice when recommending ___________.
________________________________________
37. When performing therapeutic exercises, it is important to _________ during the work
phase.
________________________________________
38. When lifting a weight, for the most benefit the movement should always be __________.
________________________________________
21-6
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
39. The abdominal muscles can become ________ from overuse as postural muscles.
________________________________________
40. In the straight leg hamstring stretch, the __________ do the lifting work, not the rope.
________________________________________
41. The Active Isolated Stretching method recommends a(n) ______ second stretch hold.
________________________________________
42. Because it also contributes to hip flexion, the _________ can help skew the pelvis and
make gait dysfunctional.
________________________________________
43. During the rectus femorus stretch, contracting the abdominals throughout this movement
prevents __________.
________________________________________
44. For some individuals with arthritis or other issues, the stretch and strengthening
movements should be __________ for comfort.
________________________________________
45. Someone with herniated disks can utilize the ________ muscles to help protect the spine.
________________________________________
46. For the straight leg hip hyperextension exercise, one can use _______ to help challenge
the muscles.
________________________________________
21-7
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
47. Because these muscles are in close proximity to this nerve, stretching the hamstring group
can help ________ issues.
________________________________________
48. A solid treatment always includes treating both ___________ groups.
________________________________________
49. A specific point to stretching and strengthening exercises is that ________ be employed to
the joints during the movements.
________________________________________
50. As the quadriceps contracts, the __________ allow the movement by lengthening.
________________________________________
21-8
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
True / False Questions
1. The body's system of levers and muscles works synergistically to produce smooth,
powerful movement.
TRUE
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1
2. A concentric contraction is a lengthening contraction of the muscles against gravity or
resistance.
FALSE
A concentric contraction is a shortening contraction of the muscles against gravity or
resistance.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1
3. Traditional kinesiology is the study of the science of muscle movement, which involves
biomechanics, prescribed exercise, and anatomy.
TRUE
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1
4. Stretching the rectus abdominis and obliques, or the core of the body, has many benefits.
TRUE
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1
21-9
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
5. The reverse trunk flexion exercise strengthens the obliques.
FALSE
This exercise strengthens the lower abdominals.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
6. Flexing the legs during a crunch helps better isolate the low-back musculature; moreover,
less pressure is applied to the lumbar disks from the hamstrings.
TRUE
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-6
7. The importance of hamstring flexibility in sports and daily movement cannot be
overstated.
TRUE
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7
8. In recent years, an increasing number of medical and allied health professionals have
stopped emphasizing the development of muscle groups through resistance-training and
circuit-training activities.
FALSE
Athletes and non-athletes, both male and female, require overall muscular development.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-7
21-10
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
9. As the body ages, muscle mass decreases, a condition called sarcopenia.
TRUE
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1
10. The law of acceleration is as follows: A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the
same direction as the force that caused it.
TRUE
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1
Learning Outcome: 21-4
Multiple Choice Questions
11. Hyperextension of the spine should be performed on a daily basis to help "open" the
anterior
A. core of the body.
B. part of the spine.
C. diaphragm.
D. plural cavity.
This movement also stretches the rectus abdominus.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
21-11
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
12. This exercise should never be performed with extended legs.
A. Lumbar extension
B. Leg flexion
C. Leg lifts
D. Sit ups
Flexing the legs during this exercise helps better isolate the low-back musculature; moreover,
less pressure is applied to the lumbar disks from the hamstrings.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-6
13. This exercise targets many of the hip and knee muscles.
A. Knee extension
B. Physio-Ball Wall Squats
C. Calf raises
D. Leg adduction
This exercise is safe because it utilizes a physio ball for support.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
21-12
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
14. The type of contraction of a muscle is determined by whether the muscle is __________
during the movement.
A. relaxed or contracted
B. lengthening or shortening
C. controlled or stabilized
D. relaxed or static
However, muscles may shorten or lengthen in the absence of a contraction through passive
movement caused by other contracting muscles, momentum, gravity, or external forces such
as manual assistance and exercise machines.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1
15. The quadriceps muscle group contracts how when the body slowly lowers in a weightbearing movement through lower-extremity action?
A. Eccentrically
B. Concentrically
C. Isometrically
D. Isotonically
The quadriceps functions as a decelerator to knee joint flexion in weight-bearing movements
by contracting eccentrically to prevent too rapid downward movement.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7
21-13
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
16. The body's system of levers and muscles works __________ to produce smooth, powerful
movement.
A. apart
B. synergistically
C. kinetically
D. concentrically
When movement is compromised by shortened and weak muscle tissue, pain usually results,
thereby setting off a snowball of mechanical disadvantages.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1
Learning Outcome: 21-2
17. Low back pain can be helped by strengthening the
A. erector spinae.
B. quadratus lumborum.
C. abdominals.
D. core.
A solid program that stretches and strengthens the lower lumbar spine and anterior spine is
most beneficial.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-4
21-14
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
18. While regular crunches (sit-ups) work the rectus abdominus, this reverse crunch is a way
to isolate more fibers of
A. external oblique.
B. transverse abdominus.
C. rectus abdominus.
D. psoas.
Because the trunk is flexed lifting the knees and not the torso, the abdominals are forced to
work dynamically, especially on the eccentric (down) phase of this movement.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
19. What acts on joints and muscles that cause contractions to occur?
A. Dynamic force
B. Gravity
C. Vector force
D. Contracting force
Contraction against gravity is evident in the lower extremities when the body moves into a
vertical position, such as when rising from sleeping.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1
21-15
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
20. Increasing muscle mass helps what condition?
A. Sarcopenia
B. Bursitis
C. Carpal tunnel
D. D.Obesity
Through increasing muscle mass, the body burns more calories and is less likely to gain
excessive fat.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-7
Fill in the Blank Questions
21. The body's system of ____________ works synergistically to produce smooth, powerful
movement.
levers and muscles
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1
22. The ______ is a powerful thigh muscle that has a direct relationship to the knee and
patella.
rectus femoris
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3
21-16
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
23. As the body ages, muscle mass decreases, a condition called _________.
sarcopenia
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-7
24. Dysfunctional gait directly affects ____________.
upper-body movement
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-7
25. ________________ that condition areas and isolate the muscle groups can help
individuals maintain natural movement, abate injury, and enjoy a better quality of life.
Specific stretching and resistance exercises
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
26. Generally, _______________________________ consist of 10 repetitions and 2 to 3 sets.
clinical flexibility and therapeutic exercises
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
21-17
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
27. A contraindication of lumbar extension is _________.
herniated disks
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-6
28. Physio ball squats strengthen mainly the _________ muscles.
quadriceps and gluteus maximus
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7
29. The trunk stabilization exercise is ideal for _______ shoulder and hip areas.
bilateral
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7
30. Straight-leg hip hyperextension strengthens the often weak _________ hamstring.
proximal
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7
21-18
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
31. Stretching the rectus femorus helps lengthen the belly of the muscle and can help correct
___________ disease.
Osgood-Schlatter
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
32. The ________ contraction of a muscle helps muscle hypertrophy.
eccentric
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1
Learning Outcome: 21-3
33. An imbalance between the posterior spine and _______ muscles could lead to injury.
abdominal
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
34. The _________ functions as a decelerator to knee joint flexion in weight-bearing
movements by contracting eccentrically to prevent too rapid downward movement.
quadriceps
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7
21-19
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
35. Despite common myths, ___________ does not ensure sufficient development of muscle
groups.
sports participation
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-6
Learning Outcome: 21-7
36. Therapists should stay within their scope of practice when recommending ___________.
prescribed exercises
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3
37. When performing therapeutic exercises, it is important to _________ during the work
phase.
exhale
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3
38. When lifting a weight, for the most benefit the movement should always be __________.
slow and controlled
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7
21-20
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
39. The abdominal muscles can become ________ from overuse as postural muscles.
shortened
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-4
40. In the straight leg hamstring stretch, the __________ do the lifting work, not the rope.
quadriceps
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
41. The Active Isolated Stretching method recommends a(n) ______ second stretch hold.
2
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3
42. Because it also contributes to hip flexion, the _________ can help skew the pelvis and
make gait dysfunctional.
rectus femoris
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-4
21-21
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
43. During the rectus femorus stretch, contracting the abdominals throughout this movement
prevents __________.
hip rotation
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3
44. For some individuals with arthritis or other issues, the stretch and strengthening
movements should be __________ for comfort.
adjusted
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-4
Learning Outcome: 21-6
45. Someone with herniated disks can utilize the ________ muscles to help protect the spine.
abdominals
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-4
46. For the straight leg hip hyperextension exercise, one can use _______ to help challenge
the muscles.
ankle weights
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7
21-22
Chapter 021 Muscular Analysis of the Trunk and Lower-Extremity Exercises
Key
47. Because these muscles are in close proximity to this nerve, stretching the hamstring group
can help ________ issues.
sciatic
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-4
48. A solid treatment always includes treating both ___________ groups.
anterior and posterior muscle
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7
49. A specific point to stretching and strengthening exercises is that ________ be employed to
the joints during the movements.
full range of motion (ROM)
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-7
50. As the quadriceps contracts, the __________ allow the movement by lengthening.
hamstrings
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1
Learning Outcome: 21-3
Learning Outcome: 21-6
21-23