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The Events of World War II 1933 Hitler is elected and persecution of Jews begins. March 1936 Reoccupied the Rhineland March 1938 Austria taken without firing a shot (Sound of Music) Sept 1938 Munich Agreement signed (appeasement giving Czechoslovakia to Germany). March 1939 Non Aggression Pact – Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with Russia. This was a secret agreement to divide Poland between Russia and Germany. Hitler was interested in reoccupying the Polish Corridor, an area that had been given away after WWI. March 1939 Occupied all of Czechoslovakia Sept 1939 Invaded Poland Sept 3rd, 1939 Britain and France declare war on Germany Sept 9th 1939 Canada declares war on Germany. Ernst Rhom, a good friend of Hitler’s and head of the Brownshirts (Nazi Army) • Rhom wants the Nazi Army to replace the regular army and to “purge” all non-Nazis from the army. • Regular army eventually hear what Rhom is trying to do and they demand Hitler take decisive action or they will withdraw their support. • Hitler heeds their warning and sets up a plan to get rid of Rhom – sends him to a spa. • Late at night, Rhom is hacked to death with machetes by the Nazi death squads. • Hitler is clearly willing to do anything, including kill his friends to maintain power. Under the direction of the Nazi death squads, enemies of the state were rounded up and kept prisoner in Concentration Camps. Civil Service Reconstruction Act of 1933 • Jews were expelled from all government and public institutions. Conscription Law of 1935 • All Jews are barred from service in the military. Nuremburg Laws of 1935 • Deprived non-Aryans of full citizenship • Forbade Jews and Aryans to marry • Prohibited Aryan domestics in Jewish homes. • Open sexuality between diverse racial groups was prohibited. Chrystal Night (Night of Broken Glass) – using crowbars, hammers and axes they destroyed 267 synagogues, 844 Jewish stores, 171 private home and countless apartments. In total 91 Jews were murdered and 35000 Jews were arrested and sent to camps. Summer 1940 A massive air strike against British cities, airfields and industrial areas. Designed to cripple and destroy Britain's fighter planes, factories and morale of the British people. To prepare ground for German invasion of Britain and to take control of the English channel by taking down the Royal Air Force (RAF). The British had developed a radar system that determined distance, direction and speed of unseen objects and warned them of approaching enemy aircrafts. In July and August the outnumbered British fighter planes waged war overhead. London and Berlin were bombed by each party for retaliation. Hitler was surprised and outraged; he abandoned his assault on the RAF for daytime bomb raids on cities. Gave time for Britain to regroup – soon obvious that Germany had failed to control the English Channel. The British became even more determined to defeat Hitler and the Nazis. • During the Battle of Britain, Hitler decided to postpone his invasion of Britain and turn his gaze eastward to Russia. Hitler needed access to the vast reserves of oil, gas and other natural resources to help feed his war machine and more living space – “lebensraum” Hitler broke the “non-Aggression Pact” with Russia that had been signed in 1939 and invaded Russia. June 22nd 1941 – 3.8 million troops invade – largest invasion in history of warfare Germans were initially successful and in the fall of 1941 the Nazis came within 39 km of Moscow. • The Germans were defeated by the “scorched earth” policy – a Russian tactic of retreating into the depths of the country but destroying everything that could be used by the advancing army (crops, livestock, supplies and machinery). Ultimately it was the bitter cold of the winter of 1941-42 that defeated the German army. Soviet soldiers hoisting the Soviet flag in Berlin • In 1940 the US stopped all exports of iron, steel and other military supplies to Japan to stop them from expanding into the Pacific. Emperor Hirohito of Japan opposed war with the US but military leaders had control of the government December 7, 1941 Japan launched an air raid from Japanese aircraft carriers against the US Naval headquarters at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii. US navy was temporarily crippled – they only had three aircraft carriers left. The day after the attack on Pearl Harbour the US declared war on Japan Germany and Italy declared war on the US. The US was now at war with both Japan in the Pacific and Germany in Europe. 1942 – Nazi’s continue their brutal march through Russia – casualties are staggering as Nazi death squads commit mass murder Stalin appeals to Allies to open a western front to divide German forces Allies plan a “hit and run” operation on the French town of Dieppe to test Nazi defences August 19, 1942 – – Convoy of 237 ships reached Dieppe and were met with a deadly German crossfire of bullets and artillery shells. No element of surprise – German ships were ready and the noise from their fire allowed German troops to prepare and engage by the time the soldiers hit the beach. The raid was a disaster! Canadian troops led the attack and suffered more losses than any other day of the war. – – – 901 killed 2000 captured 2211 made it back to England The country went into mourning. What did the Allies learn from the raid? ⦁ German defenses formidable ⦁ Intelligence vital to success ⦁ Must have the element of surprise ⦁ Future invasions would have to be massive and well organized. Battle of Stalingrad – – – – – Winter of 1943 Russian troops were able to stop Nazis at Stalingrad. Vicious fighting in the houses and streets for control of the city. Hitler refused to retreat and in the end 330 000 German soldiers were killed or captured. Russians were able to begin pushing Nazis out of Russia and Germany begins a long strategic retreat Frustrated Hitler takes charge of war in east – disaster! With Soviets making great progress against Nazi’s in east, western Allies begin to worry about a Russian takeover of Europe Russian army is now larger and superior to German army July 1943 British, American & Canadian troops invade Italy American General Dwight D. Eisenhower begins to plan the invasion of Normandy To preserve the element of surprise the Allies build a fake military base across the English channel from Calais The real invasion will come at Normandy Rubber tanks, empty barracks &cardboard cut outs of soldiers marching are placed on this base General Patton is driven around in a jeep to fool outsiders • At dawn 130 000 Canadian, British, and American troops landed in Normandy, France to fierce resistance (800 warships and 11 000 aircraft) • Element of surprise worked – Hitler believed the invasion would come at Calais and refused to move his panzer divisions to Normandy before it was too late. • More than a million allied troops steadily pushed German armies out of France and other parts of Western Europe Why was D-Day an important event? Canadian soldiers preparing to land at Normandy Feb 1945 – Allied troops began to invade Germany by crossing the Rhine River. – Soviet troops advanced toward Germany from the Eastern Front (2 fronts). Mussolini – caught by Italian resistance fighters, shot and hung in the city for all to see. Hitler – shot himself as Soviet troops entered Berlin Allies demanded unconditional surrender. On May 7th 1945 Germany surrendered unconditionally and the world celebrated V-E Day Japan Continues to Fight... August 6th, 1945 Hiroshima 70 000 men, women and children died immediately and an additional 20 000 eventually died of burns or exposure to radiation. World War II was the most destructive war in human history: – – – 30 million died (compared to 10 million in WWI) Technology allowed people to kill each other quickly and in massive numbers. Fought on several fronts: Britain, North Africa, Italy, Eastern Europe, and South East Asia. Total Casualties of World War 2 France: United Kingdom: United States: Military dead: 217,600 Military dead: 383,800 Military dead: 416,800 Civilian dead: 350,000 Civilian dead: 67,100 Civilian dead: 1,700 Total: 567,600 Total: 450,900 Total: 418,500 Germany: Soviet Union: World: Military: 5,530,000 Military: 10,700,000 Military: 25,487,500 Civilian: 3,150,000 Civilian: 17,700,000 Civilian: 60,207,000 Total: 8,680,000 Total: 28,400,000 Total: 85,694,500