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Chapter 24 Vocabulary 1. constellation- grouping of stars that has a shape resembling an animal, mythological character, or other object and is thus named for it 2. magnitude- in earthquake studies, a measure of the energy released by an earthquake; the Richter scale is used to describe earthquake magnitude 3. parallax- the apparent shift in position of an object when viewed from two different points, such as your left eye and right eye 4. light-year- unit used to measure distance in space; the distance that light travels in one year (about 10 trillion km) 5. main sequence- on a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, the diagonal band that includes 90% of all stars 6. H-R diagram- graph that shows the relationship of a stars temperature to its absolute magnitude 7. nebula- large cloud of gas and dust in space that may be the beginning of a star 8. giant- late stage in a star’s life-cycle where the core has contracted and grow hotter, causing its outer layers to expand 9. white dwarf- late stage in a stars life-cycle where its core runs out of fuel and its unstable outer layers escape into space, leaving the white-hot core 10. supergiant- late stage in the cycle of a very large star, when the core reaches high temperatures, heavy elements formed by fusion, and the star’s outer layers expand 11. Doppler shift- change in wavelength that occurs in any kind of wave energy (light, radio, sound) as the source of energy moves toward you (the wavelength shortens) or away from you (the wavelength lengthens) 12. neutron star- final stage in the life cycle of some stars, where the core collapses and becomes so dense that only neutrons can exist there 13. black hole- final stage in the life cycle of some stars,; the remnant of a star is so dense that not even light can escape its gravity field 14. photosphere- the innermost of the 3 layers of the sun’s atmosphere, radiates the light we see 15. chromosphere- the intermediate layer of the 3 layer of the sun’s atmosphere, lying between the photosphere and the corona 16. corona- the outermost and largest of the 3 layers of the sun’s atmosphere, extending from the chromosphere outward millions of kilometers into space 17. sunspots- dork spots on the sun’s surface that show up because they are cooler than surrounding areas 18. binary systems- system of two stars orbiting one another 19. galaxy- massive grouping of gas, dust, and stars in pace; held together by gravity 20. big bang theory- the leading theory of the origin of the universe 21. extraterrestrial life- life that may exist in the universe outside earth-