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Chapter 11 Networks of Networks FIGURE 11.0.F01: Switchboards were the first exchanges. Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-ggbain01423] FIGURE 11.0.F02: Point-to-point network: a tin can telephone. Reproduced from Boy’s Book of Science, John Pepper FIGURE 11.0.F03: Star network. © Holly Kuchera/ShutterStock, Inc.; © 2009fotofriends/ShutterStock, Inc. FIGURE 11.0.F04: Bus or “party line” network. FIGURE 11.0.F05: Tree network, or hierarchy. FIGURE 11.0.F06: A mesh network example. FIGURE 11.0.F07: Adding a layer to handle internet routing. FIGURE 11.0.F08: Sending a packet from one LAN to another. FIGURE 11.0.F09: Control panel of an ARPANET IMP. Photographed by Dr. Richard Smith at the Computer History Museum, California FIGURE 11.0.F10: Old and new Internet routing structures. FIGURE 11.0.F11: Address locations in packet headers. FIGURE 11.0.F12: Dotted decimal notation for Internet addresses. FIGURE 11.0.F13: Major IP packet fields (IPv4). FIGURE 11.0.F14: ARP packet contents. FIGURE 11.0.F15: Command to display the ARP cache. FIGURE 11.0.F16: Interpreting a network mask. TABLE 11.0.T01: Scope of addressing information in internet packets FIGURE 11.0.F17: Reachability depends on address scope. TABLE 11.0.T02: Layer 2 reachability matrix for Figure 11.17 FIGURE 11.0.F18: Typical low-cost commercial gateway. Courtesy of Dr. Richard Smith FIGURE 11.0.F19: Layout of the Wireshark window. © Wireshark Foundation FIGURE 11.0.F20: Ethernet header displayed in Wireshark. © Wireshark Foundation FIGURE 11.0.F21: ARP Request displayed in Wireshark. © Wireshark Foundation FIGURE 11.0.F22: ARP Response displayed in Wireshark. © Wireshark Foundation FIGURE 11.0.F23: IP header displayed in Wireshark. © Wireshark Foundation FIGURE 11.0.F24: Network gateway display of hosts on the LAN. © Netgear FIGURE 11.0.F25: Output of a simple nmap command. FIGURE 11.0.F26: Nmap port listing using the -sV option. FIGURE 11.0.F27: Nmap of a Windows 7 host. FIGURE 11.0.F28: Nmap of a Windows 7 host with -PN and -O options. FIGURE 11.0.F29: Reachability problem.