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Allantois / placenta Chick Embryo Figure 2.22 The Amniote Chick Egg, Showing the Membranes Enfolding the 7-Day Embryo Chick Embryo Human Embryo Human Embryo Human Embryo Human Embryo NOWSignaling in patterning in other systems VERTEBRATE…+ Figure 10.22(1) Summary of Experiments by Nieuwkoop and by Nakamura and Takasaki, Showing Mesodermal Induction by Vegetal Endoderm Figure 10.23 The Regional Specificity of Mesoderm Iinduction Can Be Demonstrated by Recombining Blastomeres of 32-Cell Xenopus Embryos Figure 10.22(2) Summary of Experiments by Nieuwkoop and by Nakamura and Takasaki, Showing Mesodermal Induction by Vegetal Endoderm Figure 10.24 The Role of Wnt Pathway Proteins in Dorsal-Ventral Axis Specification Inject Dominant Inactive GSK-3 Active No No Figure 10.25(1) Model of the Mechanism by which the Disheveled Protein Stabilizes b-catenin in the Dorsal Portion of the Amphibian Egg Figure 10.25(2) Model of the Mechanism by which the Disheveled Protein Stabilizes b-catenin in the Dorsal Portion of the Amphibian Egg Beta-catenin signal on dorsal, not ventral side of embryo Active No No Figure 23.13 Three Modifications of the Wnt Pathway Overlap of TGF-beta signal and Beta-catenin signal specifies Nieuwkoop center Figure 10.26 Events Hypothesized to Bring about the Induction of the Organizer in the Dorsal Mesoderm In organizer Figure 10.27 Mesoderm Induction and Organizer Formation by the Interaction of b-catenin And TGF-b Proteins The Organizer: Figure 4.16(1) Microarray Analysis of Those Genes Whose Expression in the Early Xenopus Embryo Is Caused by the Activin-Like Protein Nodal-Related 1 (Xnr1) Figure 4.16(2) Microarray Analysis of Those Genes Whose Expression in the Early Xenopus Embryo Is Caused by the Activin-Like Protein Nodal-Related 1 (Xnr1) Figure 10.28 Ability of goosecoid mRNA to Induce a New Axis Figure 10.31 Localization of Noggin mRNA in the Organizer Tissue, Shown by In Situ Hybridization Noggin is secreted protein, interacts with BMPs Figure 10.30 Rescue of Dorsal Structures by Noggin Protein Figure 10.32 Localization of Chordin mRNA Chordin protein also interacts with BMPs Figure 10.34 Cerberus mRNA injected into a Single D4 Blastomere of a 32-Cell Xenopus Embryo Induces Head Structures as Well as a Duplicated Heart and Liver Cerebrus also interacts with BMPs Figure 10.33 Model for the Action of the Organizer Figure 23.14 Homologous Pathways Specifying Neural Ectoderm in Protostomes (Drosophila) and Deuterostomes (Xenopus) Figure 10.35 Paracrine Factors From the Organizer are Able to Block Certain Other Paracrine Factors Figure 10.36 Xwnt8 Is Capable of Ventralizing the Mesoderm and Preventing Anterior Head Formation in the Ectoderm Figure 10.37 Frzb Expression and Function Figure 10.39 Ectodermal Bias Toward Neurulation Figure 10.40 Regional Specificity of Induction can be Demonstrated by Implanting Different Regions (Color) of the Archenteron Roof into Early Triturus Gastrulae Figure 10.41 Regionally Specific Inducing Action of the Dorsal Blastopore Lip Figure 10.42(3) The Wnt Signaling Pathway and Posteriorization of the Neural Tube Figure 10.44 Organizer Function and Axis Specification in the Xenopus Gastrula Beta-catenin NON-FROG Figure 8.11 Ability of the Micromeres to Induce Presumptive Ectodermal Cells to Acquire Other Fates Figure 8.12(1) The Role of b-catenin in Specifying the Vegetal Cells of the Sea Urchin Embryo Figure 8.12(2) The Role of b-catenin in Specifying the Vegetal Cells of the Sea Urchin Embryo Figure 8.12(3) The Role of b-catenin in Specifying the Vegetal Cells of the Sea Urchin Embryo Figure 8.13 The Micromere Regulatory Network Proposed by Davidson and Colleagues (2002) Figure 8.14(1) A Model of Endoderm Specification Figure 8.14(2) A Model of Endoderm Specification Figure 8.14(3) A Model of Endoderm Specification Figure 11.9 Axis formation in the Zebrafish Embryo Figure 11.8 The Embryonic Shield as Organizer in the Fish Embryo Sonic Hedgehog In ventral midline Figure 11.10 B-Catenin Activates Organizer Genes in the Zebrafish Figure 11.18 Formation of the Nieuwkoop Center in Frogs And Chicks Figure 11.19 Formation of Hensen’s Node From Koller’s Sickle Figure 8.39 Autonomous Specification by a Morphogenetic Factor Figure 8.40 Antibody Staining of b-catenin Protein Shows Its Involvement with Endoderm Formation Figure 4.17 In Situ Hybridization Showing the Expression of the Pax6 Gene in the Developing Mouse Eye EYE Figure 4.17 In Situ Hybridization Showing the Expression of the Pax6 Gene in the Developing Mouse Eye Figure 4.18(1) Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization Localizing Pax6 mRNA in Early Chick Embryos Figure 4.18(2) Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization Localizing Pax6 mRNA in Early Chick Embryos Figure 5.7 Regulatory Regions of the Mouse Pax6 Gene Figure 5.15 The Enhancer Trap Technique Figure 5.16 Targeted Expression of the Pax6 Gene in a Drosophila Non-eye Imaginal Disc Figure 6.1 Ectodermal Competence and the Ability to Respond to the Optic Vesicle Inducer in Xenopus Figure 6.2 Induction of Optic and Nasal Structures by Pax6 in the Rat Embryo Figure 6.3 Recombination Experiments with Pax6-Deficient Rats Figure 6.4(1) Lens Induction in Amphibians Figure 6.4(2) Lens Induction in Amphibians Figure 6.4(3) Lens Induction in Amphibians Figure 6.5(3) Schematic Diagram of the Induction of the Mouse Lens