Download epidemic control avian influenza

EPIDEMIC CONTROL
MANUAL
This booklet is sponsored by CID LINES,
worldwide experienced in epidemic disease control.
Waterpoortstraat 2 • 8900 Ieper - Belgium
Tel: +32 (0)57 21 78 77 • Fax: +32 (0)57 21 78 79
E-mail: [email protected] • www.cidlines.com
www.avian-influenza-disinfectant.com
AVIAN INFLUENZA
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AVIAN INFLUENZA
Table of contents
The agent
Infection routes
A.Total Prevention Program
A.1.Prevention measures
A.2.Vehicle disinfection program
A.3.How to clean and disinfect?
B.Total decontamination Program
B.1.Personnel decontamination
B.2.Property decontamination
B.2.a. First disinfection
B.2.b. Clean-up procedures
B.2.c. Full disinfection
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AVIAN INFLUENZA (A.I.)
The agent
Avian Influenza is a viral infection to birds. The
causal agent is an Influenza virus, type A. Infections
with Influenza viruses type B and C do not occur
with birds. Influenza viruses are RNA viruses and
belong to the Orthomyxoviridae group.
The patoghenity of influenza viruses can differ a lot.
Disease symptoms can vary from „no symptom“,
mild pathogenic symptoms to 100% mortality. A.I.
viruses are classified in 15 different sub-types,
H 1 to H 15 based on haemaglutinine (H), a protein
that forms a part of the viral envelope.
We also distinguish nine different neuraminidases
(N1-N9).
Influenza viruses with birds can cause a potential
zoonotic risk to human beings. A.I. viruses can
contaminate man directly, as has been the case
with H5N1 infections in Hong-Kong in 1997 and in
East Asia in 2004-2005.
A number of people became ill and some died.
Also in Holland a veterinarian who had been in
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contact with infected birds died during the 2003
A.I. crisis and several people had a retina infection
as a consequence of an infection with the H7N7virus. At this time, it‘s impossible to predict which
A.I. strains can be potentially infectious to men.
As low pathogenic A.I. strains (LPAI) can mutate
to highly pathogenic AI-virus (HPAI), hence LPAI is
being fought as well.
Infection routes
Contamination of poultry in a new areas can
be caused through contact with humans and
movement of contaminated poultry. Primary
outbreaks are caused through contact with wild
birds or the import of exotic birds.
Migrating waterfowl are an important source since
outbreaks often occur at the time and in the place
of migration.
Contaminated birds spread the virus through
respiratory ways, via the eye and through
excrements or faeces. Transmission usually
happens through direct contact between birds or
indirectly through exposure with infected surfaces
or equipment.
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Faeces or excrements can contain very high
concentrations of the A.I. virus. Thus, it can be
transmitted to birds, mamals and people, but also
to feed, water, equipment, crates or trays, trucks
and insects.
The forced ventilation of poultry houses can spread
the virus easily 1 km (2/3 of a mile) by pushing out
contaminated dust particles (manure and feather
particles). Wild birds hardly spread secondary
infections.
•Water: open water like ponds, rivers, lakes, ...
(contaminated by waterfol or coastal birds),
drinking water reservoirs of birds.
•Poultry meat: the virus can survive for a long time
in frozen meat. (not in coocked meat).
•eggs: the A.I. virus can be present on or in the
egg. It‘s hardly transmittable to the chick as the
embryo dies in an early phase of the incubation
process.
Main sources for direct spreading are:
•Transport of life birds incl. the vehicles and crates.
•Bird shows and markets.
•Direct contact of poultry with waterfowl and
coastal birds.
Passive mechanical spread can occur through:
•Poultry manure.
•Equipment, trucks, people and animals.
•Aeral spread of contaminated dust particles
(aerogene spread, only over short distances, so
not the main source).
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A.Total Prevention Program
As wild birds are considered to be a major source
of avian influenza, direct and indirect contact
between your flocks and free flying birds (and their
faeces) should be prevented.
AI can be spread via faeces from infected birds
on clothing or equipment. Therefore, it’s very
important to control “traffic” between infected and
uninfected farms/birds.
A.1.Prevention measures
Farm Level
•Check the fence surrounding the farm.
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and loads poultry for slaughtering should also
apply this measure.
•In order to improve control on the access of the
farm, limit the farm to one entrance and exit.
Clean and disinfect this road every day.
•If possible, leave vehicles outside the farm.
Otherwise: vehicles must be cleaned (pay
special attention to wheels, wheel arches &
mudguards) and disinfected before entering
the farm and before leaving the farm.
•Provide boot and wheel dip baths filled with
a disinfectant, with a proven action against AI
in field conditions. Ensure that the baths are
renewed on daily basis.
•Entrance is forbidden to everyone. The poultry
farms can only be entered with the permission
of the farm manager or the appointed
responsible. Permit the access only to these
people that are strictly necessary on the farm
e.g. personnel, veterinary services.
•At arrival on the farm, one should report
himself to the farm manager or an appointed
responsible.
•
Visiting two different farms
hours should be avoided. If
possible, showering in between
highly recommended. The team
•Be sure to place signs where action is
needed!!!
within 48
this is not
two visits is
that catches
•Name of every visitor, date and reason of visit
should be noted in the visitors register. Even if
they don’t enter the barns.
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Barn Level
•Keep the barn locked (key!) at all times.
•Only enter a poultry barn if necessary. Entrance
of the barns is only done, by passing the
changing room with hand-washing facilities,
which is on the edge of the clean and dirty
zone of the farm.
•Put a shower-in (and shower-out) policy into
place.
•At the CLEAN SIDE of the shower:
- Put on clean clothes and booths which belong
to the farm (= the best and safest way!)
-Or only use disposable clothes and boots,
which are left at the farm after the visit.
•Make sure all materials, drugs, vaccines, etc.
are cleaned/disinfected and/or passed a
“quarantine storage room” (they should remain
in a separate room for 10 days before entering
the farm) before they are used at the farm. Keep
this room clean! Adapt your buying policy to be
able to do so.
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•If different species are present on the farm, keep
them and their equipment 100% separated.
•Put boot dips at entrance (and exit) of every
barn and ensure their use!
•All material has to be cleaned and disinfected
before and after usage.
•Fogging the empty barns can be part of a
prevention program to minimise the risk of
contamination as a 2nd disinfection. Check
your disinfectant brochure to find the right
dilution.
•Ensure that migrating birds or other wild
animals cannot contaminate poultry pens and
poultry drinking water and feed supplies. Make
the barns bird proof!
•Clean and disinfect the dock after loading and
unloading.
•Also apply an effective rodent control program.
•Avoid pets entering the barns!
A.2.Vehicle disinfection program.
Preventing spread of disease does not end at
the border of your farm. Many diseases are
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being spread by transportation. Therefore it
is necessary to consider the importance of
cleaning and disinfecting vehicles.
•Before applying the right procedures, be sure
that you are wearing clean and disinfected
clothing.
•Remove all equipment that can be dismantled
and cannot be cleaned on the spot.
•Remove all dry litter, mud, straw from all
surfaces, wheels, wheel arches etc.
•Use a powerful car & truck cleaning product
to soak all surfaces. Pay attention to ceilings,
wheels, lift, etc. Leave it for 15 to 30 minutes.
•Clean the removed equipment and other tools
with a proper detergent.
•After soaking, rinse all surfaces and equipment
under high pressure.
•Inspect your vehicle for possible remaining
organic material.
•Your disinfectant should be compatible with
your detergent, active in the presence of
organic material, safe for your vehicle (ideally,
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approved by a serious Automotive Industry
Association) and effective at all temperatures.
•Disinfect all surfaces inside and out with the
right disinfectant. Work your way down from
the top to the bottom and pay attention to
cracks and wheels. Do not forget the underside
of the vehicle.
•Move the vehicle to a clean and disinfected
place to let it drain and dry.
•Remove clothing and disinfect them.
A.3.How to clean and disinfect?
Influenza viruses belong to the more weak virus
group and are therefore relatively easy to kill.
Just be aware of the fact organic material has a
negative effect on the efficacy of your disinfectant:
viruses, which are covered with manure, are well
protected and can survive up to approx. 100
days. Complete removal of organic material
is therefore an essential part of an effective
disinfection procedure. After litter and manure
is removed, clean and disinfect all surfaces,
respecting the application recommendations
of the manufacturer. Be sure that you use a
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broad spectrum disinfectant, which is proved
also to be effective in the presence of at least
5% organic load and when applied with hard
water! All high quality disinfectants can provide
official test reports that prove the efficacy of
the product at certain dilutions against the
A.I. virus. However, it’s very important to know
how the tests have been carried out! Only
tests where field conditions are simulated
(by adding organic material and using hard
water) are relevant, as most disinfectants score
remarkably better when tested in clean lab
conditions (without adding organic material and
with demineralised water).
B.Total decontamination program
B.1.Personnel decontamination
People working on infected premises are the
most important vector. Therefore the risk of
cross‑contamination has to be minimised. All
places where infected animals (dead or alive) are
inspected, at slaughter sites, at the site of carcase
disposal, or where manure, straw, beddings are
removed from buildings pose the greatest risk at
heavy personal contamination.
All persons should go through the same
procedures when a personal decontamination
site is established. Before entering and before
leaving the contaminated site, personal
decontamination has to be applied.
All overalls should be disinfected (soaked in the
proper disinfectant) and disposable ones should
be put in a plastic bag and burned. Boots have
to be disinfected and used only on the premises.
B.2.Property decontamination
After identifying the suspected disease, be sure
to choose the right disinfectant. Use a broad
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spectrum disinfectant which is active at all
temperatures and effective in the presence of
organic matter.
B.2.a. First disinfection
Preliminary disinfection should be commenced as soon as possible after the
presence of disease is identified. All
areas known to be infected should be
decontaminated in order to reduce the
risk of spread. Disinfect all buildings, roads,
paths, entries, exits, ... One should continue
to disinfect these areas step by step until
the first clean-up procedures start.
B.2.b. Clean-up procedures
Killing of infected birds is normally done
by a special team appointed by an official
institute responsible for the control of
infectious diseases. After birds have
been killed, they should be transported
in hermetic closed containers to special
combustion furnaces.
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•Thermal fogg the barn. We recommend
fogging as spraying would increase the
weight of the run out to be handled.
•Close the barn hermetically during 2 days.
•After ventilation, remove all manure, dirt
and debris. The easiest and safest disposal
of faecal material is burial. Transport of this
manure, dirt and debris from the barn to
the place where it will be burned, is ideally
done in hermetic closed containers.
B.2.c. Full disinfection
•Dismantle all material that cannot be
cleaned in place, clean and disinfect them.
•Use a foam- or gel forming detergent to
soak roofs, walls, floors, boxes, feeders,
drinkers or any other material that has
been in direct contact with the birds.
•Gel improves the contacttime of the
detergent with the soaked material for
an improved cleaning result. Rinse all
material under high pressure after 10
minutes. Let dry.
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CID LINES
•Disinfect all equipment and interior of
buildings.
Your real hope in hygiene warzones
•Close buildings afterwards. Additional
fogging is advised.
•Disinfect all exteriors of buildings, roads,
paths, gates, roadways, entries and exits.
•A second full disinfection of the buildings
is advised after 14 days. One can repeat
the same full disinfection programme as
before.
This brief hygiene protocol for poultry farms and
visitors was established by FAVV* or FEDERAL
AGENCY for the Safety of the Food Chain. It’s also
applicable in mixed farms in case of a disease
outbreak in other livestock.
(*): FAVV is the Belgian official institute that, in
order to guarantee safe food, controls the whole
food chain: ‘from farm to fork”. During outbreaks of
animal diseases, FAVV issues measurements in order
to prevent the spread of the infectious disease.
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