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CUSTOMER_CODE SMUDE DIVISION_CODE SMUDE EVENT_CODE APR2016 ASSESSMENT_CODE MCA3020_APR2016 QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 18250 QUESTION_TEXT What are the differences between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Databases? SCHEME OF EVALUATION Homogeneous Databases: When the database technology is the same at each of the locations and the data at several locations are also compatible, that data is knows as homogeneous database. Homogeneous database make the sharing of data between the different users simpler. This signifies the design goal for the distributed database. Achieving this objective needs a very high level planning during the planning phase.(1 mark) The following conditions should exist for homogeneous database: 1.The operating system used at each of the locations is the same or at least they should be extremely compatible. 2.The data models used at every location should be the same. 3.The database management system used at every location should be the same or at least they should be extremely compatible. 4.The data at the different locations should have common definitions and formats. (4 marks) Heterogeneous Databases: In heterogeneous DBMS, every one of the site might manage different types of DBMS wares, which does not need to be established on the similar original data model and so the system should be made of RDBMS, OODBMS, and ORDBMS products.(1 mark) *In heterogeneous database, contact among various DBMS is needed for translations. *So as to give database transparency, users should be able to make requests in DBMS language at the local site. *Data from other sites might have variety of hardware, diverse DBMS products and mixture of a variety of hardware and DBMS products. *The job of finding these data and executing any essential translation are the capabilities of the heterogeneous DBMS. (4 marks) QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 18251 QUESTION_TEXT What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of ORDBMS? List the characteristics of object relational databases. SCHEME OF EVALUATION Advantages of ORDBMS: 1.The main advantage of object relational data model arises from the concept of “reuse and sharing”, By reuse, we mean that the programmer can easily extend the DBMS server to achieve the standard functionality centrally, rather than coding it in each and every application. 2.Sharing means that if the developer wants the applications to use particular database functionality, then it can be embedded in the functionality of the server. 3.ORDBMS allows enterprise to easily migrate from their existing system to an ORDBMS without making major changes. 4.In addition, a user may easily make use of object-oriented systems in parallel of the RDBMS features. :[1 Mark x 4 = 4 Marks] Disadvantages of ORDBMS: 1.The ORDBMS approach is complex in nature and is associated with increased costs. 2.The Relational database proponents have a view point that the extensions to relational model in the form of ORDBMS have diluted the simplicity of relational model which was the major factor behind its success. 3.Some database experts also believe that the ORDMBS will be of use for only a limited set of applications which may not be practical for relational technology. 4.Also the physical architecture of object-relational model is not suitable for handling high-speed web applications. [1 Mark x 4 = 4 Marks] Characteristics of Object Relational Databases: 1.Nested relations. 2.Complex types and object-orientation. 3.Querying with complex types. 4.Creation of complex values and objects. [any two. one mark each. 1 mark x 2 = 2 marks] QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 18253 QUESTION_TEXT Explain Temporal Database and Multimedia Database. SCHEME OF EVALUATION Temporal Database: Temporal databases are used to record timereferenced data. Basically, majority of the database technologies are temporal. For example: Record keeping function (inventory administration, medical-record and personnel); Financial function (banking, accounting and portfolio organization); Scientific function (Weather monitoring), Scheduling function (project organization, hotel, airline, and train reservations) all these functions trust on temporal databases. (2 marks) Temporal databases are best suited for the applications where information as to organize on time constraints. Therefore temporal database set a good example to demonstrate the requirement for development of a combined set of concepts for the use of application developers. The training of temporal database is designed by application developers and designers. There are numerous applications where time is an important factor in storing the information. For example: Insurance, Healthcare, Reservation Systems, and Scientific Databases. (2 marks) In case of temporal applications, even the two instances utilized might be simply expanded. For example, in COMPANY database, it might be desirable to keep PROJECT, JOB, and SALARY histories of all the employees. It can be applied to UNIVERSITY database as well, to store the grade history of STUDENT. The details about the YEAR, SEMESTER, COURSE and each SECTION are also included in this database.(1 mark) Multimedia Database: Multimedia databases facilitate the users to store as well as generate query for retrieving multimedia information. This information can demand for: Documents (like articles/books/journals), Images (like drawings/pictures), Video Clips (like newsreels/movies/hone videos); Audio clips (like speeches/ phone messages/ songs).(1 mark) The primary type of database query generally tries to locate multimedia sources comprising of particular objects of interest. Such as, one user wants to locate all the video clips regarding aa specific person, say Michael Jackson in a video database. Another scenario may be as of someone willing to retrieve video clips grounded on specific activities like, video clips where a soccer goal is scored by a certain player or team. These type of queries are mentioned as content based retrieval, as they retrieve information bases on a certain activity/object from the multimedia sources. (2 marks) To make this retrieval fast, the multimedia database must make use of some model to index and manage multimedia sources grounded on the contents. But identifying the contents of multimedia sources is lengthy and difficult task. To accomplish this task, two approaches can be followed as defined below: 1.Based on automatic analysis of the multimedia sources. It is done to recognize the contents mathematical characteristics. 2.Based on manual identification of the objects and objectives of interest in each multimedia source. And later on depending on this information index the sources. (2 marks) QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 73629 QUESTION_TEXT What are the different models of DBMS? State two advantages of each type. SCHEME OF EVALUATION 5 models with advantages - >2 marks each. Any two advantages among those mentioned below may be written Hierarchical Simplicity (simple design process since data consists of hierarchical relationship), Security (can execute the changing level of security characteristics), Database integrity (possible due to inbuilt structure of parent and child), Relationship handling (proficient for relationships of the type 1:M) Network Simplicity (simple design process since instances of data relationship occur as N:M type), Flexibility (more flexible as you can navigate data items in many ways), Standards (include development of worldwide standards), Relationship handling (proficient for relationships of the type N:M – popular in real data relationship situations) Relational Simplicity simple design process since easy to handle RDBMS), Flexibility (more flexibity), Follow every mathematical theory (obeys theories in maths), Relationship handling (can handle any every type of relationship) Object relational Reusability (occurs from reuse and sharing), Flexibility (flexible but not more flexible than RDBMS), Abstraction (permits developers of software to incorporate their individual types and techniques applied to DBMS), Relationship managing (helps in gathering records effortlessly) Object Relationship handling (can handle any every type of relationship), Use of navigational interfaces – hence better than other models QUESTION_T DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION YPE QUESTION_ID 73630 QUESTION_T Discuss any five SQL features in detail. EXT 5 features - >2 marks each. Any 5 features among those mentioned below SCHEME OF EVALUATION may be written QUESTION_TYP DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION E QUESTION_ID 125273 QUESTION_TEX Write a short note on Buffer Management. T SCHEME OF EVALUATION SQL Server uses buffer pages for any changes or requests for the data on the database. These buffer pages are 8KB pages on RAM that minimizes disc Input/Output. Any 8KB page can be buffered in memory, and set of all pages currently buffered is called as buffer cache. The amount of memory available to SQL Servers decides how many pages will be cached in memory. The buffer cache is managed by Buffer Manager. Either reading from or Writing to any page on the disc happens at two levels. The data that should be either read/Written is first copied to the buffer cache and the read/write operation is carried out on the data that is currently on the Buffer Cache. The edited data is updated on the disc by the buffer manager only if the in-memory cache has not been referenced for some time. While writing pages back to the disc, asynchronous I/O is used whereby the I/O operation is done in a background thread so that other operations do not have to wait for the I/O operation to complete. Each page is written with a checksum while they are written to the disc so that while the data is referred back any time, the checksum mismatch would detect the corruption of the data. Data must be in RAM for DBMS to operate on it! Buffer Mgr hides the fact that not all data is in RAM Bufferpool information table contains: <frame#, pageid, pin_count, dirty> If requested page is not in pool: Choose a frame for replacement. Only “un-pinned” pages are candidates! If frame is “dirty”, write it to disk Read requested page into chosen frame Pin the page and return its address Requestor of page must eventually unpin it, and indicate whether page has been modified: dirty bit is used for this. Page in pool may be requested many times, a pin count is used. To pin a page, pin_count++ A page is a candidate for replacement iff pin count == 0 (“unpinned”) CC & recovery may entail additional I/O when a frame is chosen for replacement. Write-Ahead Log protocol; s 10mark