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Part 1 The Water Cycle Pages 218-241 Essential Question How does water change state and move around the Earth? Standards SC.6.E.7.2 Investigate and apply how the cycling of water between the atmosphere and hydrosphere has an effect on weather patterns and climate. Objectives List states of matter and describe how changes of state occur Define and describe 3 ways that water reaches the atmosphere Define condensation and precipitation Describe what happens to water after it falls to the Earth List and provide two things that the water cycle transports. The Water Cycle Continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land, oceans, and living things. State of matter Solid, liquid, and gas Change states by Melting, Freezing Evaporation Condensation Sublimation deposition How does the water cycle work? Water is constantly being recycled between liquid, solid, and gaseous states Changes state when enough energy is absorbed or released Evaporation – Liquid to gas (forms water vapor) Transpiration – Liquid to gas FROM PLANTS (forms water vapor) Condensation – Gas to liquid (forms clouds, fog, dew) Precipitation – Falls from clouds * Runoff – water that flows over land (streams, rivers) * Infiltration – seeps into the ground (ground water) Question How does water change state? Water in the Atmosphere Water is in the air around us Water reaches the atmosphere by Evaporation: liquid water turning into water vapor Transpiration: water vapor released from plants Sublimation : If the air is dry and freezing water goes from a ice directly to water vapor or from water vapor to ice Question How does water reach the atmosphere? Water in the Oceans and on Land Water returns to land by Precipitation: water that fall back to the earth Condensation: when water molecules cool and sink and changes from a gas to liquid, Deposition: from water vapor to ice to oceans by run off and ground water via infiltration . Water in the Oceans and on Land Water circulates in ocean currents ( hydrosphere), run off (geosphere & hydrosphere), and ice flows (cryosphere and hydrosphere), Winds blow across ocean surfaces pushing water across Earth causing surface currents (hydrosphere & atmosphere) Questions How does water fall to Earth's surface? How do Earth's systems interact in the water cycle? Transport of Matter and Energy The Water Cycle Transfers matter and Energy Warm water, heated by the sun at the equator, is moved to other parts of the oceans by warm water currents. Warm water also transfers heat into the atmosphere warming the air. Water Cycle Diagram Draw your own water cycle diagram on the left side of your notes in your journal. When you are finished with your home work You may play the Natural Water Cycle Interactive game when you are done. Google “ southeast water cycle game” Part 2 Elements of Weather 218-241 Essential Question What is weather and how can we describe different types of weather conditions? Standards SC.6.E.7.2 Investigate and apply how the cycling of water between the atmosphere and hydrosphere has an effect on weather patterns and climate. SC.6.E.7.3 Describe how global patterns such as the jet stream and ocean currents influence local weather in measurable terms such as temperature, air pressure, wind direction and speed, humidity and precipitation. Objectives Define Weather Explain how each of the following relates to weather Temperature Humidity Precipitation Air pressure Wind speed and direction Visibility Describe how each is measured WHAT IS WEATHER? • Weather is the condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a certain time and place • People talk about weather by describing factors such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, air pressure, wind and visibility • Able to observe and MEASURE these six elements QUESTION •What is weather? HOW DO WE MEASURE TEMPERATURE? Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is A thermometer uses a liquid such as alcohol or mercury to display the temperature. When air gets warmer, the liquid expands and rises in the tube. Cooler air causes the liquid to contract and fill less of the tube. HOW DO WE MEASURE HUMIDITY? • Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air • Measured using a psychrometer • Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation (dew forms at 100%) • Dew point = when water vapor turns into liquid water HOW DO WE MEASURE PRECIPITATION? • Precipitation is any form of water that falls to Earth’s surface from clouds (rain, snow, hail, and sleet) • Measured using a rain gauge or meter stick • Air temperature determines which type of precipitation falls to Earth’s surface • Two air masses meet; mixing of temperatures produces precipitation and winds (this is called a FRONT) HOW DO WE MEASURE AIR PRESSURE? • Air pressure = the force of which air molecules push on an area • We don’t feel the weight because air pushes in all directions • Air pressure and density are related; they both decrease with altitude • Measured using a barometer • Low = storms, High = clear skies HOW DO WE MEASURE AIR PRESSURE? • A high-pressure system forms when an air mass cools; bring dry, clear weather • A low-pressure system forms where air masses join; bring precipitation • Winds move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure; pressure affects wind direction and wind speed HOW DO WE MEASURE AIR PRESSURE? HOW DO WE MEASURE WINDS? • Wind is air that moves horizontally, or parallel to the ground • Caused by the uneven heating of the earth and air pressure differences (convection) • Measured with an anemometer (speed) or a wind vane (direction) HOW DO WE MEASURE VISIBILITY? • Visibility is a measure of the transparency( how clear) of the atmosphere; how far we can see… • Poor visibility can be the result of precipitation, air pollution or fog; dangerous for travel; ex: dense fog obstructs a driver’s view • Measured by a transmissometer Element of Weather Measuring Instrument Temperature Thermometer Humidity Hygrometer, Psychrometer Precipitation Rain Gauge, Meter Stick Air Pressure Barometer Wind Anemometer, Wind Vane Visibility Transmissometer WHAT INFLUENCES WEATHER? PART 3 WATER CYCLE AND THE WEATHER 218-241 Essential Question How do the water cycle and global weather patterns affect local weather? Standards SC.6.E.7.2 Investigate and apply how the cycling of water between the atmosphere and hydrosphere has an effect on weather patterns and climate. SC.6.E.7.3 Describe how global patterns such as the jet stream and ocean currents influence local weather in measurable terms such as temperature, air pressure, wind direction and speed, humidity and precipitation. Objectives Explain ways in which the water cycle influences weather Define air mass and front, explain how weather is affected by air masses Describe a high and low pressure system Define jet stream, and explain how the polar jet stream influences weather Describe how ocean currents influence weather How does the water cycle affect weather? The water cycle can cause a change in humidity, visibility, and precipitation. How does the water cycle affect weather? Precipitation is part of the water cycle Humidity is a measure of the amount of water in the air due to evaporation which is part of the water cycle Visibility can be affected by clouds, fog, and precipitation, all part of the water cycle What is an air mass and front? Air mass A large mass of air that takes on the temperature and moisture characteristics of the land of water below it, then moves it to a new location Front The boundary between air masses Cold front: happens when cold air moves under warm air pushing it up Warm front: happens when warm air moves over colder air Question How does the temperature of water affect weather? How do air masses affect weather? The weather changes when a new air mass moves into your area. Ex: If we have a warm, humid air mass sitting on our city, we will have warm, humid weather. Question How do the interaction of air masses change weather? What are air masses? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzNR_tjKExU How do fronts affect weather? When two air masses meet, a boundary or FRONT forms. The warm air is forced up, cools and condenses, forms clouds, and allows for precipitation. Cold front – moves quickly, brings heavy rain, cooler weather follows Warm front – moves slowly, brings drizzly rain, warmer weather follows Stationary front – doesn’t move, brings precipitation for many days Cold Fronts vs. Warm Fronts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsD6zkBMmck Question How do fronts cause weather changes? . How do pressure systems affect weather? In a high-pressure system, air sinks slowly down. Brings clear skies and calm air or gentle breezes In a low-pressure system, air rises. As the air rises, it cools, condenses, and forms clouds Brings stormy weather REMEMBER: Winds always blow from a high pressure to a low pressure! High vs. Low Pressure https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiYyCurh_SU How do global winds affect weather? Winds are caused by unequal heating of Earth’s surface – which causes air pressure differences – and can occur on a global or on a local scale. Global winds are: Polar easterlies – cold winds from the poles, blow EW, 60-90 latitudes Westerlies – blow from WE, 30-60 latitudes Trade winds – blow from EW, 0-30 latitudes Winds can bring weather that isn’t typical for an area. Global Winds and Jet Streams https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvXPtQuQtiU How do jet streams affect weather? Long distance winds that travel above the global winds They move very quickly in a wavy pattern from WE Polar jet stream – brings cool, dry air pulls cold air from Canada to the U.S. Subtropical jet stream – brings warm, moist air Strong storms tend to form along jet streams also The Jet Stream https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgMWwx7Cll4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huweohIh_Bw Question How does the jet stream affect weather? A Summary of the Jet Stream Jet streams are strong upper air currents circumnavigating the globe. There are two main jets: the polar jet and the subtropical jet. Jet streams can fluctuate in strength between 100200mph. The jet stream meanders (troughs and valleys) in waves. How do ocean currents influence weather? Remember that ocean waters take a lot of energy and time to warm up or to cool down This helps to moderate temperatures The water’s surface temperature affects the temperature of the air above it Winds cause ocean currents on the surface which can bring cool weather or warm weather to areas. Ex: Gulf Stream – brings warm water from the Gulf of Mexico up the east coast of the US Ex: East Australian Current – brings warm water down towards polar regions, FINDING NEMO Sea Turtles used it for transportation Coastal areas affected by warm surface currents have warmer weather than inland areas at the same latitude and elevation Coastal areas near cold surface currents tend to have cooler weather than inland areas at the same latitude and elevation Ocean Currents https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vgvTeuoDWY Question How do ocean currents affect weather? Gulf Stream https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuGrBhK2c7U#t =6.013828 East Australian Current (EAC) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-N_7cgwHmQ
