Download Old Church Slavonic verbs

Historical development
of English and Russian
parts of speech
Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42
General information about English
part of speech
In standard grammatical terms, we classify
English words into the following categories, or
parts of speech:
 Noun
 Verb
 Adverb
 Adjective
 Preposition
 Conjunction
 Numeral
 Pronoun
OLD ENGLISH
Old English was a much more inflected language
than contemporary English.
It was characterized by:
 strong and weak verbs;
 a dual number for pronouns
 two different declensions of adjectives;
 four declensions of nouns;
 grammatical distinctions of gender;
 did not use the article
Old English - Adjective
As well as the noun, the adjective can be declined in
case, gender and number. One-syllable adjectives
("monosyllabic") have different declension than twosyllable ones ("disyllabic").
Singular. (narrow)
Masc.
Neut.
Fem.
Nominative
nearu
nearu
nearu
Genitive
nearwes
nearwes
nearore
Dative
nearwum
nearwum
nearore
Accusative
nearone
nearu
nearwe
Instrumental nearwe
nearwe
Modern English - Adjective
An adjective - is a word whose main
syntactic role is to modify a noun or
pronoun (called the adjective's subject),
giving more information about what the
noun or pronoun refers to.
We can not declined adjectives in case,
gender or number.
Old English - Adjective
Degrees of comparison:
absolutive, comparative, superlative.
 eald (old) - ieldra - ieldest
 strong - strengra - strengest
 long - lengra - lengest
 geong (young) - gingra - gingest
Modern English - Adjective
Degrees of comparison:
positive, comparative, superlative.
 Rich - richer – the richest
 Big – bigger – the biggest
 Small – smaller – the smallest
Old English - Pronoun
Pronouns were the only part of speech in
Old English which preserved the dual
number in declension.
E.g. 1st person
Singular Plural
Dual
N ic, íc
wé
wit
G mín
úre
uncer
D mé
ús
unc
A mec, mé úsic, ús
uncit, unc
Old English - Verb
Strong and Weak
distinguished between
seven classes
(changing of vowels
and consonants),
each in conjugation
and in the
stem structure.
Infinitive
Past singular
Past plural
Participle II
were conjugated in a simpler
way than the strong ones,
and did not use the ablaut
interchanges of t
he vowel stems.
Weak verbs are
divided into three classes which
had only slight differences though.
They did have the
three forms - the infinitive,
the past tense,
the participle II.
Modern English – Verb
Modern English makes a distinction between
regular (changing into root – vowels and
consonants) and irregular (- ed, - d) verbs.
This distinction goes back to the Old English
system of strong and weak verbs.
Modal Verbs in Modern and
Old English (Present-Preterite)
The main difference of verbs of this type in
modern English is their expressing
modality, i.e. possibility, obligation,
necessity. They do not require the
particle to before the infinitive which
follows them. In Old English in general
no verb requires this particle before the
infinitive. In fact, this to before the
infinitive form meant the preposition of
direction.
Tenses in Old and Modern English
Syntactically, the language had only two main tenses the Present and the Past. No progressive (or Continuous)
tenses were used, they were invented only in the Early
Middle English period. Such complex tenses as modern
Future in the Past, Future Perfect Continuous did not
exist either. However, some analytic construction were in
use, and first of all the perfective constructions.
F.G.: Hie geweorc geworhten hæfdon
(they have build a fortress‘ - shows the exact Perfect
tense, but at that time it was not the tense really, just a
participle construction showing that the action has been
done) Seldom you can also find such Past constructions,
which later became the Past Perfect Tense.
Conclusion
English through history was very
progressive and active - the whole
revolution happened with it in the 15th
and the 16th centuries, not only taking
into consideration the Great Vowel Shift,
but also the major grammar changes.
The result was the Modern, or New,
English, which has practically no
declension, lost genders, shortened
words and forms, simplified the syntax.
Old church Slavonic
 Category: Old Church Slavonic nouns
 Old Church Slavonic words that refer to
people, places, things, qualities or ideas.
Old Church Slavonic nouns that are
inflected to show grammatical relations
other than the main form.
 E.g. Аблъко, братолюбьство,
воѥводьство, брѣмѧ, въздрастъ,
владъічьствиѥ, болѣзнь
Category: Old Church
Slavonic verbs
Old Church Slavonic verbs: Old
Church Slavonic words that
indicate actions, occurrences or
states.
E.g. Любити, дъіхати, погрєбити,
пити, ищєзнѫти, глаголати.
Category: Old Church Slavonic
adverbs:
Old Church Slavonic adverbs
words that modify clauses,
sentences and other parts of
phrases.
E.g. Близъ, въскорѣ, яко, вьчєра
Category: Old Church
Slavonic conjunctions:
Old Church Slavonic words
that connect words, phrases or
clauses together.
E.g. ащє, да, и, или, къгда, ни
Category: Old Church Slavonic
pronouns
Old Church Slavonic words that
refer to and substitute nouns.
E.g. овъ, она, оно, онъ
Category: Old Church Slavonic
prepositions:
Old Church Slavonic words that
limit nouns or pronouns, by
indicating relationships with
following phrases.
E.g. мимо, мєждю, мєждѹ, подъ,
при, прѣдъ
One of the peculiarity of Russian
language it is a morphemic stability.
E.g. Russian root kaz. It means to
point or to show.
Noun:
у к а з, с к а з к а
Verb:
у к а з а т ь, с к а з а т ь
Adjective: с к а з о ч н ы й, etc.
Conclusion
Languages developed and changed rapidly
during the history. All communicative
processes reflects on the language
grammatical and phonetically form.
Intercultural relationship brings a lot of new
words and enrich a vocabulary. All these
processes reduce the role of declension,
case, number, constrict the number of
existing tense forms, people trying to make
own language easy for learning.