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1. Identify geographic factors - the Indus and Ganges rivers, the Himalayas, and the Khyber pass. 2. Identify key terms: Indo-Europeans, Aryans, Caste system. 3. Explore the contributions of the first Indian civilizations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. 4. Explore the accomplishments of the Hittites and the Indo-European/Aryan invaders. 5. Students will learn to read a migration chart and a language chart. •Ganges river – forms a fertile farming valley. •Indus river- farming region that produces wheat. •Climate is impacted by monsoons. •The two key mountain chains are: • Hindu Kush – this includes the Khyber Pass • Himalayashighest mountains in the world. Greek Balto-Slavik Slavik Baltic Indo-Iranian Hittite Armenian Indic Iranian Persian Polish Latvian Hindi Czech Lithuanian Urdu Russian Punjabi Ukrainian Bengali Macedonian Germanic Celtic Danish Swedish Breton Norwegian Welsh English Dutch Afrikaans German Irish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Italic Latin French Portuguese Spanish Italian Romanian Kurdish •India’s 1st civilizations. •Populations of 35,000-40,000. •Carefully planned and developed. Images of ancient MohenjoDaro. •Advanced drainage and sewage systems. •Rulers were both the religious and political leaders. •Palace and temple combined in the Citadel or fortress. Streets in Mohenjo-Daro •Believed in many gods and goddesses. •Most important were the gods of fertility and the harvest. Shiva and Mother Parvati •Strong farming regions near the Indus that produced wheat, barley and peas. What does it mean to migrate? •Anatolia was their capital, and they also controlled the ancient city of Babylon •Spoke the Babylonian language – Akkadian. •Adopted the Babylonian culture Map showing the extent of the Hittite empire. Courtesy Wikipedia commons. •Ruled for 450 years •Legal code was more lenient than Hammurabi’s code. •Iron chariots and weapons of iron gave them an edge. Hittite soldiers above. •Negotiated an alliance or treaty with the Egyptians. •The Vedic Period - 15001000 BC- Invaders breached the Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush Mtns. •Conquered the Indus valley region of India. •War-like and pastoral people. •Aryan Kings or Leaders were called “Rajas” – (“princes”) An Indian Raja and Princess. •India was made of warring kingdoms and shifting alliances. •Iron tools – plow, etc, made them good farmers. •They produced: rice, wheat, barley, millet. •Spices included: cinnamon, pepper, and ginger. •Writing – Sanskrit •Top works include: The Vedas - A collection of hymns that form the foundation of the religion of Hinduism. Selections from the Rig Veda above, courtesy Wikipedia Commons. •The dominant religion in the region is Hinduism which was brought in by the original Aryan invaders. •With the birth of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) in 600 BC, the religion of Buddhism was also introduced in India. •Aryans brought with them a strong oral tradition, and religion. •These became the foundation for the religion of Hinduism. •They established a social institution and class system – caste system. Impact of the Caste System •Position in society based on skin color. •Occupation, and economic status are determined by your caste. •This will also determine who you marry. 1. Brahmins – priests 2. Kshatriyas – rulers and warriors 3. Vaishyas – artisans and traders 4. Shudras – laborers and servants •You are born into a caste for life. •It determines: who you will marry, the job you will have, and the people you are allowed to associate with. •Higher castes are concerned with ritual purity. The lowest social class were known as untouchables because they did the dirtiest work that was considered unclean and impure. They were butchers, gravediggers, and trash collectors. •Patriarchal – men are educated and allowed to inherit. A Hindu widow commits sati above. A Rajput girl – right. •Women - no status, and daughters were an financial drain. (Dowry). •Suttee – wife throws herself onto the pyre of her dead husband. •After 400 B.C., India faced new threats from the west–first from Persia, Greece, and Macedonia, under Alexander the Great in 327 B.C. Extent of Mauryan Empire under Asoka •Alexander left quickly, but his invasion gave rise to the first Indian dynasty. •One of the most influential leaders of India for all times, was the 3rd century B.C. Mauryan ruler, Asoka. Asoka Maurya above. Image courtesy of Wikipedia Commons. •During the reign of Asoka, Buddhism spread to different parts of the world, and large parts of India were united for the first time. •500 years passed before Chandragupta, a local prince, established a new kingdom in 320 A.D. Coin of the Gupta king Kumara Gupta I. Image courtesy of Wikipedia Commons. •Arts and sciences flourished, and the Gupta period would later be called India’s Golden Age. •Guptas created a new age of Indian civilization, especially under Chandragupta II, who ruled from 375 to 415. •A Chinese Buddhist monk named Faxian spent several years in northern India, and he admired the Gupta rulers, their tolerance of Buddhism, and the region’s economic prosperity. Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang came India in the time of Gupta Empire Aryabhata • Aryabhata was the Gupta Empire’s most famous mathematician. • He was one of the first scientists known to have used algebra. • Indian mathematicians also introduced the concept of zero. • They traded salt, cloth, and iron domestically and as far away as China and the Mediterranean. Trade in the ancient world brought many cultures and kingdoms together. Silk road was 4,000 miles. • In the fifth century A.D., invasion by nomadic Huns from the northwest weakened the empire. •Babur was the leader of the Mughal Empire. It was the last great native ruling family in India prior to the British takeover in 1757. Map showing the expansion of territory under the Moguls. Courtesy of Wikipedia Commons. •The Mughals or Moguls were Islamic and very warlike. •“Poetry in marble.”The most famous tomb in the world. •Built in 1631-38 AD by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in honor of his beloved wife. •She asked him “to build a tomb in her memory such as the world had never seen before.” 1. Name the two rivers that supported the first civilizations in India. 2. Describe what could be found in MohenjoDaro. 3. What key contribution do we get from the Aryans? 4. What is the caste system? 5. What two religions came out of this culture?