Download Identifying Appropriate Conservation/Management Units I


Identifying
Appropriate
Conservation/Management
Units
I. Importance
of
species
category
to
conservation
Wording
of
the
ESA
Species
list
form
the
basis
for
identification
of
biodiversity
Species
resonates
with
the
public
and
legislators
II. Defining
species
A. Species
=
?
B. Diagnosing
a
species
–
some
common
concepts
Biological
species
concept
Genotypic
cluster
species
concept
Evolutionary
species
concept
Phylogenetic
species
concept
Most
species
are
still
diagnosed
by
morphological
or
ecological
traits.
C. Intraspecific
categories
1. Subspecies
2. Variety
3. Form
4. Ecotype
5. Race
6. Cryptic
species
7. Incipient
species
8. Evolutionary
significant
units
9. Management
unit
III. Species
designations
and
the
ESA
A. Taxonomic
issues
in
conservation
IV. Phylogenetics
and
conservation
A. Use
of
phylogenies
1. Identification
of
natural
taxa
2. Allows
one
to
consider
evolutionary
history
in
conservation
plans
3. DNA
barcoding
4. Identify
biodiversity
hotspots
5. Evaluate
changes
in
regional/global
biodiversity
in
relation
to
environmental
change
B. Basic
anatomy
of
a
phylogeny
1. Node
2. Branch
3. Clade
C. Character
changes
1. Synapomophy
=
shared
derived
character
2. Autapomorphy
=
unique
character
for
a
lineage
D. Phylogenies
and
hierarchical
structure
1. Pedigree
2. Gene
tree
3. Species
tree
E. Different
representations
of
a
phylogeny
1. Bifurcating
tree
2. Network
F. Exercises
in
interpreting
phylogenies
–
see
associated
handout
V. Defining
conservation
units
–
the
evolutionarily
significant
unit
A. ESU
=
partially
genetically
differentiated
populations
that
are
considered
to
require
management
as
separate
units;
the
minimal
unit
of
conservation
management.
B. Means
of
identification
1. Morphological
or
genetic
distinctiveness
2. Reproductive
isolation
3. Geographically
distinct
4. Reciprocal
monophyly
5. Significantly
different
allele
frequencies
6. Ecological
or
genetic
exchangeability
C. Concept
of
monophyly
in
phylogenetics
1. Monophyletic
=
common
ancestor
and
all
descendants
2. Polyphyletic
=
lacks
the
common
ancestor
of
the
included
lineages
3. Paraphyletic
=
lacks
some
descendants
of
the
common
ancestor
D. Reciprocal
monophyly
1. All
alleles/genotypes
of
a
taxon
are
more
closely
related
to
one
another
than
to
another
taxon
and
vice
versa.
2. Phylogeographic
analyses
E. Significant
differences
in
allele
frequencies
F. Ecological
and
genetic
exchangeability
VI. Exercise
in
identifying
ESU’s
–
Santalum
austrocaledonicum
–
see
associated
handouts
Crandall
et
al.
(2000)
Considering
evolutionary
processes
in
conservation
biology.
TREE
15:
290‐294)