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Identifying Appropriate Conservation/Management Units I. Importance of species category to conservation Wording of the ESA Species list form the basis for identification of biodiversity Species resonates with the public and legislators II. Defining species A. Species = ? B. Diagnosing a species – some common concepts Biological species concept Genotypic cluster species concept Evolutionary species concept Phylogenetic species concept Most species are still diagnosed by morphological or ecological traits. C. Intraspecific categories 1. Subspecies 2. Variety 3. Form 4. Ecotype 5. Race 6. Cryptic species 7. Incipient species 8. Evolutionary significant units 9. Management unit III. Species designations and the ESA A. Taxonomic issues in conservation IV. Phylogenetics and conservation A. Use of phylogenies 1. Identification of natural taxa 2. Allows one to consider evolutionary history in conservation plans 3. DNA barcoding 4. Identify biodiversity hotspots 5. Evaluate changes in regional/global biodiversity in relation to environmental change B. Basic anatomy of a phylogeny 1. Node 2. Branch 3. Clade C. Character changes 1. Synapomophy = shared derived character 2. Autapomorphy = unique character for a lineage D. Phylogenies and hierarchical structure 1. Pedigree 2. Gene tree 3. Species tree E. Different representations of a phylogeny 1. Bifurcating tree 2. Network F. Exercises in interpreting phylogenies – see associated handout V. Defining conservation units – the evolutionarily significant unit A. ESU = partially genetically differentiated populations that are considered to require management as separate units; the minimal unit of conservation management. B. Means of identification 1. Morphological or genetic distinctiveness 2. Reproductive isolation 3. Geographically distinct 4. Reciprocal monophyly 5. Significantly different allele frequencies 6. Ecological or genetic exchangeability C. Concept of monophyly in phylogenetics 1. Monophyletic = common ancestor and all descendants 2. Polyphyletic = lacks the common ancestor of the included lineages 3. Paraphyletic = lacks some descendants of the common ancestor D. Reciprocal monophyly 1. All alleles/genotypes of a taxon are more closely related to one another than to another taxon and vice versa. 2. Phylogeographic analyses E. Significant differences in allele frequencies F. Ecological and genetic exchangeability VI. Exercise in identifying ESU’s – Santalum austrocaledonicum – see associated handouts Crandall et al. (2000) Considering evolutionary processes in conservation biology. TREE 15: 290‐294)