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Introduction to Neuroscience • Donald Allen, Ph.D. • January 7, 2016 History of Neuroscience • Relatively new field • Most of our ideas initially developed in the late 18th century • Very technology driven field – Advances have been dependent on the ability to see or measure what happens in the nervous system Several Main Ideas • Each part has it’s own function • Complex activities require different parts of the nervous system • How are the cells put together in the nervous system • How are they all connected Broca Paul Broca French neurologist 1824-1880 Broca’s Area Wernicke Karl Wernicke German Neurologist Speech reception Phrenology Wilder Penfield 1950’s • At one time “the greatest living Canadian” • Neurosurgery https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =Nu-PzIN0pFs John Hughlings Jackson • Multiple brain areas are essential for complex functions – Perception – Action – Language Phineas Gage Santiago Ramon y Cajal • Spanish Neurologist • 1852-1934 • Used Golgi stain which selectively shows only a small number of neurons in the brain • Brain composed of individual neurons, not a continuous network of neurons Charles Sherrington • English physiologist • Nerve cells linked by specific connections called synapses Advances in technology • 1950’s • Electron microscope – Examine components of individual cells, including synapses • Microelectrodes – Examine electrical activity of individual neurons Modern imaging techniques • Allow visualization of brain in a living person • Can provide information about physiological and pathological condition of nervous system Computerized Axial Tomography • X-Ray of brain • Analyzed by computer • Generates an image based on the density of the tissue • AIDS patient • Toxoplasma encephalitis • Inflammatory leson Positron Emission Tomography • Inject radioactive tracer into blood • Radioactive signal is measured • Signal proportional to blood flow, and index of local neural activity Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Looks at effect of magnetic field on atoms • Produces a 3-D image of brain • Can also provide activity information about activity-related blood flow
