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Transcript
Instrumentation
&
Power Electronics
Lecture 15 & 16
D.C to D.C Converters
Introduction
• DC to DC converters are important in portable electronic
devices such as cellular phones and laptop computers, which
are supplied with power from batteries primarily.
• Such electronic devices often contain several sub-circuits,
each with its own voltage level requirement different from
that supplied by the battery or an external supply.
• They are also widely used in dc-motor drive applications.
• Often input to these converters is an unregulated dc
voltage, which is obtained by rectifying the line voltage.
Introduction
Battery
DC
Unregulated
AC Line
Voltage
1-Phase or
3-Phase
Uncontrolled
Diode Rectifier
Filter
DC
Unregulated
DC
Unregulated
D.C to D.C
Converter
vc
D.C to D.C Converter System
DC
Regulated
Load
Efficiency & Power Losses
• High efficiency is essential in any power processing
application.
• The efficiency of a converter is
Pout

Pin
• The power lost in converter is
1
Ploss  Pin  Pout  Pout (  1)

Efficiency & Power Losses
• Efficiency is a good measure of the success of a given
converter technology.
• With very small amount of power lost, the converter
elements can be packaged with high density, leading to a
converter of small size and weight, and of low temperature
rise.
• How can we build a circuit that changes the voltage, yet
dissipates negligible power?
Efficiency & Power Losses
• The various conventional circuit elements are illustrated in
Following figure.
• The available circuit elements fall broadly into the classes of
resistive elements, capacitive elements, magnetic devices
including inductors and transformers, semiconductor devices
operated in the linear mode and semiconductor devices operated
in the switched mode.
Types of dc-dc Converters
• Types of D.C to D.C converters
– Linear Converters (7805)
– Switch Mode
– Magnetic
– E.t.c
Simple dc-dc Converters
• Let us now construct a simple dc-dc converter.
The input voltage vg is 100 V. It is desired to
supply 50 V to an effective 5Ω load, such that
the dc load current is 10 A.
Resistive dc-dc Converters
• Using Voltage divided rule.
Linear dc-dc Converters
• Linear Mode dc-dc converter
Switch Mode dc-dc Converters
Conclusion
• Capacitors and magnetic devices are important elements of
switching converters, because ideally they do not consume
power.
• It is the resistive element, as well as the linear-mode
semiconductor device, that is avoided.
• When a semiconductor device operates in the off state, its
current is zero and hence its power dissipation is zero.
• When the semiconductor device operates in the on
(saturated) state, its voltage drop is small and hence its
power dissipation is also small.
• In either event, the power dissipated by the semiconductor
device is low.
• So capacitive and inductive elements, as well as switchedmode semiconductor devices, are available for synthesis of
high-efficiency converters.
Switch Mode D.C to D.C Converters
• Switch-mode DC to DC converters convert one DC voltage level
to another, by storing the input energy temporarily and then
releasing that energy to the output at a different voltage.
• The storage may be in either magnetic field storage
components (inductors, transformers) or electric field storage
components (capacitors).
• This conversion method is more power efficient (often 75% to
98%) than linear voltage regulation (which dissipates unwanted
power as heat).
• This efficiency is beneficial to increasing the running time of
battery operated devices.
Control of D.C to D.C Converters
• In dc-dc converters, the average dc output voltage must be
controlled to equal a desired level, though the input voltage
and the output load may fluctuate.
Control of D.C to D.C Converters
• In a dc-dc converter with a given input voltage, the average
output voltage is controlled by controlling the switch on
and off duration (ton and toff).
+
vd
+
vd
-
R
vo
vo
-
ton
toff
Ts
Control of D.C to D.C Converters
+
vd
+
vd
-
R
vo
vo
ton
-
toff
Ts
• This method is called PWM Switching.
• Switching duty ratio D is varied to control the average
output voltage.
t on
D
Ts
Control of D.C to D.C Converters
+
Vo (desired)
amplifier
Vo (actual)
Vcontrol
Comparator
-
Switch
Control Signal
Sawtooth Wave
vst
vcontrol
t
Switch
Control
Signal
on
off
Ts
t on Vcontrol
D

Ts
Vst
Switch Mode D.C to D.C Converters
• Types of Switch Mode D.C to D.C Converters
– Step-Down (Buck) converter
– Step-up (Boost) converter
– Step Down/Up (Buck-Boost) converter
Step-Down Converter (Buck Converter)
• As name implies a step-down converter produces a lower
average output voltage than the dc input voltage Vd.
• Its main application is in regulated dc power supplies and
dc-motor speed control.
Step-Down Converter (Buck Converter)
• Low Pass Filter
– At low frequencies the inductor appears as a short and the
capacitor is an open and the input passes through to the output.
– At high frequencies the inductor looks like an open and the
capacitor a short and the input is blocked from the output.
Step-Down Converter (Buck Converter)
• When S1 is ON and S2 is OFF
Step-Down Converter (Buck Converter)
• When S1 is OFF and S2 is ON
Step-Down Converter (Buck Converter)
• When S1 is OFF and S2 is ON
Step-Down Converter (Buck Converter)
Ts
1
Vo   vo (t )dt
Ts 0
t on
t off
1
Vo   Vd (t ) dt   0 dt
Ts 0
t on
ton
Vo  Vd
Ts
Vo  DVd
Step-Down Converter (Buck Converter)
• Continuous conduction mode
– A buck converter operates in continuous mode if
the current through the inductor (IL) never falls to
zero during the commutation cycle.
– In this mode, the operating principle is described by
the plots in figure.
Step-Up Converter (Boost Converter)
• A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-toDC power converter with an output voltage
greater than its input voltage.
Step-Up Converter (Boost Converter)
• When the switch is closed, current flows through
the inductor in clockwise direction and the
inductor stores the energy.
• Polarity of the left side of the inductor is
positive.
Step-Up Converter (Boost Converter)
• When the switch is opened, current will be reduced as the
impedance is higher.
• Therefore, change or reduction in current will be opposed by
the inductor. Thus the polarity will be reversed (means left
side of inductor will be negative now).
• As a result two sources will be in series causing a higher
voltage to charge the capacitor through the diode D.
Buck-Boost Converter
• The buck–boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC
converter that has an output voltage magnitude that is
either greater than or less than the input voltage
magnitude.
Buck-Boost Converter
• while in the On-state, the input voltage source is
directly connected to the inductor (L). This results in
accumulating energy in L. In this stage, the capacitor
supplies energy to the output load.
Buck-Boost Converter
• In Off-state, the inductor is connected to the output
load and capacitor, so energy is transferred from L to C
and R.
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END OF LECTURES-13-14