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CIVIL AIR PATROL
United States Air Force Auxiliary
Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
Disclaimer:
This presentation is for the exclusive use of the Civil
Air Patrol and is not to be used for sale or profit.
Aerospace Dimensions
ROCKETS
MODULE 4
By Patrick B. Smith, Washington Wing, CAP
Chapter 1 - History of Rockets
After completing of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Identify historical facts about the Greeks, Chines and
British, and their roles in the development of rockets.
• Describe America’s early contributions to the
development of rockets.
• List the early artificial and manned rocket launches
and their missions.
Important Terms - History of Rockets
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Neil Armstrong - first man to walk on the Moon
Roger Bacon - increased the range of rockets
Wernher von Braun - director of the V-2 rocket project
William Congreve - designed rockets for military use
Jean Froissart - improved the accuracy of rockets by launching them
through tubes
Yuri Gagarin - a Russian; the first man in space
John Glenn - the first American to orbit the Earth
Robert Goddard - experimented with solid and liquid propellant
rockets; is called the “Father of Modern Rocketry”
William Hale - developed spin stabilization
Important Terms - History of Rockets
• Hero - developed the first rocket engine
• Sergi Korelev - the leading Soviet rocket scientist
• Sir Isaac Newton - laid scientific foundation for modern rocketry with
his laws of motion
• Hermann Oberth - space pioneer; wrote a book about rocket travel into
outer space
• Alan Shepard - first American in space
• Skylab - first US space station
• Space Shuttle - a space transportation system for traveling to space
and back to Earth
• Sputnik I - first artificial satellite
• Konstantine Tsiolkovsky - proposed the use of rockets for space
exploration
ANCIENT HISTORY
• The history of rockets date back to 400 BC
when a Greek named Archytas built a flying
wooden pigeon. It was propelled by
escaping steam.
• About 300 years later, another Greek, Hero,
developed the first “rocket” engine.
Also propelled by
steam. As the water
was heated, the
steam traveled
through the tubes
and escaped through
the L-shaped tubes
at opposite ends of
the sphere.
ANCIENT HISTORY
• By the first century AD, the Chinese had
developed a form of gunpowder used in
fireworks for religious and festive
celebrations.
• Experimentation with powder-filled
bamboo tubes then attaching these tubes to
arrows.
• In 1232, with the Chinese and Mongols at
war, these early rockets were used in battle.
EARLY HISTORY
• Rocket experiments continued through the
13th to 15th centuries.
• In England, Roger Bacon improved the
forms of gunpowder and increasing the
range of rockets.
• In France, Jean Froissart achieved more
accuracy by launching rockets through
tubes. This idea was the forerunner of the
modern bazooka.
ROGER BACON
1214 - 1294
JEAN FROISSART
1330 - 1400?
In the 17th century, Sir
Isaac Newton laid the
scientific foundations for
modern rocketry. These
laws later influenced the
design of rockets.
EARLY HISTORY
• At the end of the 18th century, Colonel
William Congreve had increased the range
of rockets from 200 to 3,000 yards.
• Colonel Congreve’s rockets were very
successful, not because of accuracy, but
because of the sheer numbers that could be
fired.
Congreve rockets lit the
sky during the battle at
Fort McHenry in 1812,
while Francis Scott Key
wrote his famous poem.
The poem later became
our national anthem,
“The Star Spangled
Banner.”
William Hale developed
a technique called spin
stabilization in which
escaping exhaust gases
struck small vanes at the
bottom of the rocket
causing it to spin much
as a bullet does in flight.
Many rockets still use
variations of this
principal today.
MODERN ROCKETRY
• In 1897, a Russian schoolteacher, Konstantin
Tsiolkivsky (1857-1935), proposed the idea of
space exploration by a rocket.
• He published a report in 1903 suggesting the
use of liquid propellants for rockets to achieve
greater range.
• Tsiolkovsky stated that only the exhaust
velocity of escaping gasses limited the speed
and range of a rocket.
“The Father of Modern Astronautics
MODERN ROCKETRY
• Dr. Robert Goddard conducted experiments
with rockets leading to major breakthroughs in
their development.
• His earliest experiments were with solidpropellants but became convinced that liquid
fuel would better propel a rocket.
• In 1926, Goddard achieved the first successful
flight with a liquid-propellant rocket.
• Dr. Goddard also developed a gyroscope
system for flight control.
THE “FATHER OF MODERN ROCKERTY”
In 1923, Herman Oberth of
Germany published a book
about rocket travel into
outer space.
Because of his writings,
small rocket societies
were started around the
world. In Germany, one
such society, the Society
for Space Travel, led to
the development of the V2 rocket.
MODERN ROCKETRY
• With the fall of Germany, the Allies captured
many unused V-2 rockets and components.
• Wernher von Braun (1912-1977) and 120 other
scientists, came to the United States to teach
American Scientists about rocket engineering.
• In the Soviet Union, Sergi Korolev (19071966) was the leading Russian scientists. He is
considered to be the father of the Soviet space
program.
Sergi Korolev was the
leading Russian
scientist in rocket
development. He
organized and led the
first successful Soviet
ICBM in August 1957
THE SPACE RACE
• On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union
launched the first artificial (man-made)
satellite, Sputnik I.
• The United States launched Explorer I on
January 31, 1958.
• In October 1958, the United States formally
organized the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA).
THE SPACE RACE
• In April 1961, a Russian named Yuri
Gagarin became the first man to orbit
Earth.
• Less than a month later, Alan Shepard, on
board Mercury 7, became the first American
in space.
• President John F. Kennedy announces the
objective of putting a man on the Moon by
the end of the decade.
ASTRONAUT ALAN B. SHEPARD, USN
1923 - 1998
Yuri Gagarin
Astronaut John H. Glenn
THE SPACE RACE
• After Project Mercury was Project Gemini
using the larger Titan II rocket.
• Gemini demonstrated that rendezvous and
docking of two spacecraft could be safely
done in space.
• The Apollo program began with the
development of the Saturn I, IB and V
launch vehicles.
The
“Mercury Seven”
THE SPACE RACE
• In October 1968, a Saturn IB launched the
first three-person mission, Apollo 7.
• After Project Mercury was Project Gemini
using the larger Titan II rocket.
• The Apollo Program landed a man on the
moon in 1969.
• Three separate missions in 1973-1974 to the
US space station Skylab.
Neil Armstrong
becomes the first
man to walk on
the moon, July
20, 1969
SKYLAB
SKYLAB WAS LAUNCHED IN 1973 AND HAD
THREE SEPARATE MISSIONS BETWEEN 1973 AND
1974. THE LAST MISSION LASTED 84 DAYS
THE SPACE SHUTTLE READY FOR LAUNCH
Chapter 2 - Rocket Principles
After completing of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Define acceleration
• Define inertia
• Define thrust
• Describe Newton’s First Law of Motion
• Describe Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Describe Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Important Terms - Rocket Principles
• acceleration - the rate of change in velocity with respect to time
• inertia - the tendency of an object at rest to stay at rest and an object in
motion to stay in motion
• Newton’s First Law of Motion - a body at rest remains at rest and a
body in motion tends to stay in motion at a constant velocity unless
acted on by an outside force
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion - the rate of change in the
momentum of a body is proportional to the force acting upon the body
and is in the direction of force
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion - to every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction
• thrust - to force or push, the amount of push used to get the rocket
traveling upwards
Important Terms - Rocket Principles
• acceleration - the rate of change in velocity with respect to time
• inertia - the tendency of an object at rest to stay at rest and an object in
motion to stay in motion
• Newton’s First Law of Motion - a body at rest remains at rest and a
body in motion tends to stay in motion at a constant velocity unless
acted on by an outside force
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion - the rate of change in the
momentum of a body is proportional to the force acting upon the body
and is in the direction of force
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion - to every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction
• thrust - to force or push, the amount of push used to get the rocket
traveling upwards
PRINCIPLES
• In its simplest form, a rocket is a chamber
enclosing a gas under pressure. A small
opening at one end of the chamber allows
the gas to escape, and thus provides a thrust
that propels the rocket in the opposite
direction.
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF
MOTION
• A body a rest remains at rest and a body in
motion tends to stay in motion at a constant
velocity unless acted on by an outside
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
OF MOTION
• The rate of change in the momentum of a
body is proportional to the force acting
upon the body and is in the direction of the
force
• Mass (m), acceleration (a), and force (f) - f
= ma (force equals mass times acceleration)
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF
MOTION
• To every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
Chapter 3 - Rocket Systems and
Controls
After completing of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Identify the four major systems of a rocket.
• Describe the purpose of each of the four major
systems of a rocket.
• Define payload.
Important Terms - Rocket Systems and Controls
• airframe - the shape of the rocket
• control system - steers the rocket and keeps it stable
• guidance system - gets the rocket to its destination; the brain
of the rocket
• payload - what the rocket is carrying
• propulsion - everything associated with propelling the rocket
• thrust - to force or push; the amount of push used to get a
rocket traveling upwards
Are there any
questions?