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Contingency Tables: SPSS: KEY Before you boot up SPSS, obtain the following data file from my SPSS Data Page: Howell.sav. The data were collected from 88 school children in Vermont. Click here to see a description of the variables. Construct a contingency table to investigate the relationship between gender and repeating a grade. Click Analyze, Descriptive Statistics, Crosstabs. Scoot Gender into the Rows box and Repeat into the Columns box. Click OK. GENDER * REPEAT Crosstabulation Count GENDER Total male female REPEAT norepeat repeated 45 10 31 2 76 12 Total 55 33 88 The marginal probability of repeating a grade is 12/88 = .136, ignoring gender. The joint probability of being male and repeating a grade is 10/88 = .114. The probability of being male OR repeating a grade is 57/88 = .647. Among male students, the probability of repeating a grade is 10/55 = .182. Among female students, the probability of repeating a grade is 2/33 = .061. Copyright 2014, Karl L. Wuensch - All rights reserved. 2 Gender and repeating a grade are NOT INDEPENDENT, they are correlated. Repeating a grade is more likely for male students than for female students. The odds of repeating a grade are 10 to 45 for male students. The odds of repeating a grade are 2 to 31 for female students. 10 / 45 3.44 . For male students the odds of repeating a grade are The odds ratio is 2 / 31 more than 3 times what they are for female students. 3 Now you do a crosstabulation between Gender and Socprob. Answer each of the following questions. ge nde r * socprob Crossta bul ation Count gender Total male female socprob no_probs problems 48 7 30 3 78 10 Total 55 33 88 What is the marginal probability of having social problems? 10/88 = .114 What is joint probability of being male and having social problems? 7/88 = .080 What is the probability of being male OR having social problems? 58/88 = .659 Among male students, what is the probability of having social problems? 7/55 = .127 Among female students, what is the probability of having social problems? 3/33 = .091 Are gender and having social problems independent or correlated? If correlated, describe how they are correlated. Boys more likely than girls to have social problems. Among male students, what are the odds of having social problems? 7/48 Among female students, what are the odds of having social problems? 3/30 What is the male to female odds ratio for having social problems? 1.458 4 Now you do a crosstabulation between Gender and DropOut. Answer each of the following questions. ge nde r * dropout Crossta bul ation Count gender Total male female dropout graduated dropped 48 7 30 3 78 10 Total 55 33 88 What is the marginal probability of dropping out? 10/88 = .114 What is joint probability of being male and dropping out? 7/88 = .080 What is the probability of being male OR having dropping out? 58/88 = .659 Among male students, what is the probability of dropping out? 7/55 = .127 Among female students, what is the probability of dropping out? 3/33 = .091 Are gender and dropping out independent or correlated? If correlated, describe how they are correlated. Boys are more likely than girls to drop out. Among male students, what are the odds of dropping out? 7/48 Among female students, what are the odds of dropping out? 3/30 What is the male to female odds ratio for dropping out? 1.458 5 Now you do a crosstabulation between Repeating a Grade and Social Problems. Answer each of the following questions. re pea t * socprob Crossta bula tion Count repeat Total norepeat repeat ed socprob no_probs problems 69 7 9 3 78 10 Total 76 12 88 What is the marginal probability of having social problems? 10/88 = .114 What is joint probability of repeating a grade and having social problems? 3/88 = .034 What is the probability of repeating a grade OR having social problems? 19/88 = .216 Among those who have repeated a grade, what is the probability of having social problems? 3/12 = .25 Among those who have not repeated a grade, what is the probability of having social problems? 7/76 = .092 Are repeating a grade and having social problems independent or correlated? If correlated, describe how they are correlated. Those who have repeated a grade are more likely to have social problems than those who have not repeated a grade. Among those who have repeated a grade, what are the odds of having social problems? 3/9 Among those who have not repeated a grade, what are the odds of having social problems? 7/69 What is the repeated to not repeated odds ratio for having social problems? 3.286 6 Now you do a crosstabulation between Repeating a Grade and Dropping Out. Answer each of the following questions. re pea t * dropout Crosstabula tion Count repeat Total norepeat repeat ed dropout graduated dropped 72 4 6 6 78 10 Total 76 12 88 What is the marginal probability of dropping out? 10/88 = .114 What is joint probability of repeating a grade and dropping out? 6/88 = .068 What is the probability of repeating a grade OR dropping out? 16/88 = .182 Among those who have repeated a grade, what is the probability of dropping out? 6/12 = .50 Among those who have not repeated a grade, what is the probability of dropping out? 4/76 = .053 Are repeating a grade and dropping out independent or correlated? If correlated, describe how they are correlated. Those who have repeated a grade are more likely to drop out than those who have not repeated a grade. Among those who have repeated a grade, what are the odds of dropping out? 6/6 Among those who have not repeated a grade, what are the odds of dropping out? 4/72 What is the repeated to not repeated odds ratio for dropping out? 18 – the odds of dropping out are 18 times higher among those who have repeated a grade compared to those who have not completed a grade. (6/6)/(4/72) = 72/4 = 18. 7 Now you do a crosstabulation between having Social Problems and Dropping Out. Answer each of the following questions. socprob * dropout Crosstabulati on Count socprob Total no_probs problems dropout graduated dropped 73 5 5 5 78 10 Total 78 10 88 What is the marginal probability of dropping out? 10/88 = .114 What is joint probability of having social problems and dropping out? 5/88 = .057 What is the probability of having social problems OR dropping out? 15/88 = .170 Among those who have had social problems, what is the probability of dropping out? 5/10 = .50 Among those who have not had social problems, what is the probability of dropping out? 5/78 = .064 Are having social problems and dropping out independent or correlated? If correlated, describe how they are correlated. Those who have had social problems are more likely to drop out than are those who have not had social problems. Among those who have had social problems, what are the odds of dropping out? 5/5 Among those who have not had social problems, what are the odds of dropping out? 5/73 What is the had social probs to not had social probs odds ratio for dropping out? 14.6 Return to my SPSS Lessons page More Lessons on the Binomial and Chi-Square Distributions Contingency Table Analysis with SAS 8 Letters From Former Students -- some continue to use my online lessons when they go on to doctoral programs. Copyright 2014, Karl L. Wuensch - All rights reserved.