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JCRS
4 (2), 2016: 114-120
Orientalists's View on Prophet Muhamad's Wars
Rohama Borbar
Department of History Islamic Period of Iran, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
K E Y W O R D S: orientalists, war, biography
ABSTRACT: The war history is the history of human life. Throughout history is occurred many wars on the basis
of religion. Religion as an important factor in the realm of human life have and has special role in the human
history. One of the important parts of sending prophets and scriptures have been the removal of the disagreement in
the human society. On the other hand, the religion itself due to its content have been a key factor in many wars.
Meaning that, the peaceful message of religion has not agreement and compatibility with the benefits of most of the
riches and rebellious of history, as a result are trying to prevent of the emergence of religion and the appearance of
religious symbols. Look at the history of religions and the great prophets makes clear this point as well. Against the
entrenchment and the rebellion of opponents is not remain a way except war and defense. Most of the orientalists are
mentioned the goal of wars and the expeditions of prophet his political and economic domination and in this regard
are mentioned objectives like the earning of property and livelihood, the spread of Islam, the eradication of
opponents and so on. But, a comprehensive and full research from resources especially Quran verses and the
biography of prophet is indicated that these wars not only was not for aggression and the violence motivation, but
also was against the threats and perfidy of offenders and more had defensive aspect.
Introduction
Islam is among the major religions which in this religion and based on the verses is considered books and various
interpretations of war as an inevitable event. There are many verses in relation to war and jihad in Quran which is proposed it
as one of the requirements of Islam and always is requested of Muslims which do not turn of the battle with the enemies of
God and Islam and in this way do not hesitate of their lives and property. In Islam, jihad is considered as final political solution
and its aim is to establish and confirm a unit government which is governed Islamic laws and principles in it and is run under
the will of God. Islam in fact was a revolution and development of an evolution which is created from God and since the
beginning was clear that this universal revolution will follow war and jihad. The revolution which wants to desolate the society
and to crush false customs and habits and to draw invalidation line on the government other than Allah and is governed the
government of Allah. Of course, uprising and action on the development way was and is jihad and diligence of common
traditions of all prophets. Therefore, all human beings are not safe from chaos and conflict in their natural life whether are
walked in the right path or in the wrong path. Since the unbelievers are intend to hit the Divine religion and to turn off the
Divine light, it is necessary to defend from the inherent right of human beings and to fight with the cause of disbelief and
polytheism. As regards believers and especially the followers of Islam always have been exposed accusation which their
religion is a violent and aggressive religious and is authorized war to achieve its objectives in any way and in all cases, thus, it
is necessary that with clearing the objectives of Islam of war and jihad is cleared Islam and also the prophet from these
accusations and show that war and jihad in Islam is an absolutely fair issue. Of course, what is separated war on Islam from the
other wars and give it holiness aspect is the role and presence of God and follow his orders and comprise of the sacred and
sublime goals. The look of the western scholars of Islam to the life history of the Prophet is not acceptable in terms of
principles of theological and historical attitude and their effects have a considerable amount of negative look to Islam and the
Prophet. Most orientalists have tried show in this way that Islam is religion of violence and bloodshed and the rapid progress
of Islam is by force of sword and weapon and do this work in line with Islamophobia and the hatred which have to this sacred
religion. But, look at the biography of the Prophet shows contrary to these discussions. He is tried to prevent from the
occurrence of war through talk and peace as possible and is used all conditions for a just war and ethical rules even during
battle and is also warned it to the other Muslims frequently. His humanitarian and kindly behavior during the campaign causes
a lot are also desired to him and Islam and are accepted Islam. He is also treated with others with mercy and compassion even
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during the peak of his influence and was true and complete peace symbol for everyone and these issues is provided the
promote of Islam.
Jihad in Islam
In Islam, war and jihad is known as important elements and is emphasized on its virtue much and Muslims has been
called to jihad always. The Holy Quran is also containing many verses related to war and jihad and in many cases is ordered to
jihad. As defense of Muslims and Islam by resorting to war and jihad in Quran is known as religious duties of Muslims.
Without exaggeration can be said that all wars of Islam which Muslims are acted to them have been of defense. The
importance of jihad in Islam is to the extent that is remembered it as the sixth pillar and in the other words is supplementary of
Islam.
Meaning of the word jihad
The word jihad is taken from the verb of effort and so-called is included that donation of efforts for God and to
promote faith and the spread of godliness thinking. Jihad is the highest type of sacrifice of an idealist man. Passed out from the
life and property only to obey the commandments of God. In Islam is considered legitimate only the war which is used for
doing a religious purpose and is necessary for the implementation of Divine law or in order to repel aggression and violation.
Jihad is the most legitimate war which by having all the conditions for a just war is surpassed of all allowed wars in other
religions and its legitimacy is inherent rather than Christian holy war is taken holiness color to itself. Therefore, jihad can be a
comprehensive sample to display the true meaning of the concept of just war. Islam also by counting war inevitable in some
situations, knows its necessity when just and chosen leader is sentenced to it according to all Divine and moral and
humanitarian issues. Islam is authorized and legitimated resort to war in cases such as the disposal of oppression from
believers, the elimination of corruption and harassment of Muslims by infidels and also defense of the land, life, property and
honor and most importantly, defense of right monotheism and the publication of deism. In Islam also is placed many
commands and many restrictions about the customs of war and jihad.
The comments of orientalists about war of the Prophet
`The comments of orientalists is different about the goals and wars of Prophet. Some of the orientalists with a fair
review documents and historical sources are offered almost a fair comments about this subject, although unfortunately most
orientalists are offered biased and unscientific comments about Islam and biography of Prophet. In a general classification the
goals of wars of the Prophet from the perspective of orientalists are as follows.
Save the Muslims of poverty (the supply of livelihood through the spoils of war)
Karen Armstrong
The Prophet for balancing the Mecca life in Medina is chosen the battle idea which according to the tribal traditions
was considered as a kind of sport and military practice and on the other hand was also a means to earn a living for the poor. In
nomadic and pastoralist life one easy way to earn money was attacks on other tribes and record their properties.
Adler
He says many evidences implies that Arabs in the time of Muhammad was faced with the economic crisis of
overpopulation and existing resources was not answerable of their needs ever, for this reason, in this kind of circumstances
were willing to accept the risk to achieve a better life in the future.
Ashpvlr
He says the Prophet in order to prompt his friends to fight against the city of their fathers was promised them access
to a huge trophy. The incentive of Muslims of get to wealth and trophy is specified of violating the sanctity of the sacred
month as well.
Svrdl
He says since the Prophet should be prepared food and raw materials for the people of Medina was sent a mass to rob
a caravan which was going from Syria to Mecca. He says the Muslims next year again wanted to do this work which the
Mecca were prevented and was created BADR war.
Ayram Lapidus
Arab victories (Muslims) were obtained as a result of their high desire to earn trophies and a war tendency and the
desire to spread Islam in the world.
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The criticism of viewpoint
According to history, the adoption of strategies such as the policy of making love and friendship among all Muslims
regardless of their context of tribal and ethnic from the Prophet and the creation of brotherhood relationship between ANSAR
and migrants had a major role in the resolve of material and livelihood needs of migrants. ANSAR cooperation with migrants
so was sincerely and remarkable which is celebrated them in the verses of Holy Quran. Also according to the verses of Quran,
the Prophet has not a duty except propaganda that’s means the introduction of religion and never is not to seek an ambitious
and wealth and willing of material goals. On the other hand, GHORAISHIAN had confiscated all property of migrants when
migration to Medina and therefore, those against the decision of the GHORAISH are decided to attack the trade caravans of
GHORAISH and of course, this attack was happened before the battle of BADR which GHORAISH caravan were gone from
byway with the notice of decision of Muslims and were fled from the hands of Muslims. In the battle of KHAYBAR even after
Ali was selected as commander on the side of Prophet, the Prophet after gave the forward command to Ali, said to him: “I
swear to God, if God is guided one person by you, for you is better than red hair camels are for you (the irony of this is that,
victory and trophies gave to you.”
Aside from all these discussions, in Quran, hadiths and teachings of the Prophet and the Imams have been strict effort
and recommend on the labor to provide subsistence to obtain legitimate daily bread and nowise is not proposed the looting of
other’s property as a factor to gain livelihood.
Opposition by some Arabs traditions (denying the prohibited months)
Another unscientific statements of orientalists about the motive of the Prophet from jihad has been introduced the
denying of some common traditions of Arabs.
Armstrong
He is writing such about the command of the Prophet to ABDOLLAH IBN JAHSH when sending him to one of the
caravans of the GHORAISH: this command was issued exact at the end of the month of Rajab (January 624) and when war in
throughout Arabia was closed due to prohibited months… Mohammad certainly in issuing this command is intended a certain
purpose. The means of this command was that Muslims should be disobeyed of the rule of the holy month. He wanted to break
the rule of the holy month which was arose of idolatry… also he says: because the Prophet had not a complete idea of his
religion at first and also the old traditions as well as did not any help to him, was tried to move forward the works by trial and
error. He was ready completely to remove the holy months issue from his way. According to him, these months had not
religious values. He did not think that the people of Medina were distinguished a great value for the holy months issue. But
when saw ANSAR had upset severe of this event and saw the people wanted to assume these months prohibited did not see a
reason to reject this issue, because the sacred of these months did not damage to his religion.
Ashpvlr:
He writes the Prophet after was immigrated to Medina found that should be found a solution about the relationship
with his hometown, Mecca, for this reason decided that to deal to this work through conflict and hostility. The Prophet to
achieve this goal was broken accepted and respected traditions by the ancient Arab frequently, although he with this his work
was upset even his followers. Including when was in the prohibited month was ordered to his followers to attack towards the
caravan which came from Mecca. However, the public opinion was accompanies with him only partly by arriving revelation
which was approved his actions and by trophies and material interests which was obtained.
Montgomery Watt
He says it is likely that Mohammad had not belief to the sanctity of these months, because the holiness of months was
not related to religion. He says that the Prophet later was announced that the holiness of land of Mecca and some months have
been as a result of his own thinking. He says in the following according to verse 214 of BAQARA surah, God has announced
the sanctity of these months, but in the same verse the innocent of preventing people from the way of Allah, refusing to believe
God and so on ls known higher than breaking the sanctity of the prohibited month. He also in the interpretation of verse 36 of
Repentance surah writes: what is mentioned in this surah was that God is announced these months holy. And unbelievers could
not use from the sanctity of these months. Secondly is that the sanctity of these months is of the remains of disbelief and
polytheism and Muslims have not the need to preserve it. Apparently Mohammad has been more attention to the second point,
because was tried to resemble his religion to Judaism religion more. In spite of this, at the same time that was thought the agent
attach to caravan have been forced to stay away from Jews and made his religious more like an Arabic religion and has seen
consistent this work with the interests of period.
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The criticism of viewpoint
Among historians there is disagreement in the case of this confidential was happened in what month. Some are
considered this deployment of force in Rajab month and the others have narrated this battle in the JAMMADI SANI month, as
well as according to some historian participants in this confidential while were committed the murder that were thought were
not in the prohibited month. Also some said that the Prophet was determined the mission of this number to earn information
from enemy. With this assuming murder commitment from this number have been outside appointed framework for them. On
the other hand, the negative reaction of the Prophet against the performance of expeditionary forces after their return to Medina
is expresses the disapproval of the Prophet from the occurrence of such event in the prohibited month. The more important
point which is not attend to it this is that the honor of killing in the prohibited months was of the Divine forbidden and of the
traditions left by the time of ABRAHAM and ISMAEL and logically the Prophet also was not rebel to it as followers of the
ABRAHAMIC monotheistic. Also, in the verses of the Holy Quran in addition to confirming the prohibition of these months
also is emphasized the respect for the sanctity of these months.
The spread of Islam
The will of God is on that common good reach to all people. If the person or persons want to prevent the receipt of
this aim are considered the enemy of God and fighter with his willing. Thus should be removed this barrier with jihad and war
for God and is fulfilled the word of Allah and does not mean that should be imposed Islam through war to people. The point is
that should be gave the possibility of free thinking to people and is allowed to provide the providing guidance and their
reaching to the common good. Islam does not force someone to the submission, rather to fight with those who are prevented of
the Divine call. In this context also has proposed a lot comments based on that the aim of the Prophet of jihad have been the
spread of Islam with force of sword. While according to history, the Prophet is began his prophetic mission in Mecca by
inviting people to monotheism and deism and the first Muslims were oriented to Islam by invitation of the Prophet and
familiarity with the education of Quran, as if the migration of the Prophet to Medina and the spread of Islam in there also was
done with the faith of many people of the Medina city and with their enter in to a contract in the first and second follow-up and
the invitation of the Prophet to it.
Bosworth
He says jihad which is founded as a religious duty on the shoulders of all the followers of the Prophet Mohammad
means that because Islam has universal credit even if is necessary should be spread in between all human beings with force of
weapon. In traditional Islam, jihad should be arranged against the people of the book and pagans to submit the authority of
Islam and to accept Islam.
John Dion Port
He says: “Mohammad is advertised his religion by sword and is caused of wasting a lot of blood.”
David Hume
Islam at first was started with more rigor principles and bleeding. Even today, although do not fall fire on the head of
followers of all religions does not deprive them from the curse and promise of war. Mohammad who was founder of the
Muslim religion was ordered to his followers was submitted the world to themselves and was eradicated all religions and was
replaced Islam instead of them… these Muslims are imposed their religion by force to people and says to people: being
Muslim or die.
Montesquieu
When are faced to the moral of the Christian religion and Islam, with no doubt comes this idea to the mind which
should be accepted the Christian religion, because the Christian religion is modified the morality and the Islam religion causes
its intensification… Islam which is imposed to people with force of sword because relies on force and compulsion caused
difficulty and intensity is made rough and fractious the mood and emotions of human beings.
The criticism of viewpoint
If at the time of Jesus was not reported any war, this issue is related to the conditions which Jesus is positioned in it.
He was promoted his religion for 3 years and at this time the number of his followers was few to the extent which there was
not no prospect of victory in his time and was not formed no government. Therefore, the Jesus was not turned to war like what
the Prophet had during his thirteen-years in Mecca and during Mecca not only was not occurred any war, but also the Prophet
was prohibited the Muslims of defense and he wanted to prove to the world that the Prophet was not seek war and bleeding. If
during the Medina was realized a war these wars were imposed to the Prophet and had defensive aspect and defense is a logical
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sentence which no wise person is not doubt to it. Recognition and conscious understanding of yourself of the nature and
essence of human beings and nations has encouraged us to collect more war resources and force of arms and has warned that
we do not secure ourselves from wickedness of traitor enemies and is prepared against their sudden attacks. During the Medina
was done several battles and expeditions between Muslims and the enemies of Islam which most had defensive aspect and
Muslims were fought with divine and human motivation and never were not imposed Islam to any one by force. When the
Prophet was took the areas to be freed people between the two options turned to Islam and became Muslim or stayed on their
faith and were accepted Muslims rule politically. The history is not registered a case which the Prophet was forced anyone to
Islam by force and on the other hand, when the followers wanted him which was used force way to become others a Muslim,
he was refused strongly. Even when was severe the pagans pressure on Muslims, the Prophet was issued the sentence of exist
from Mecca and immigration to Ethiopia. He in an era which lived in Mecca despite a lot of events which was occurred for
him never did not use irate methods to reduce these pressures. In fact, Muslims in Mecca even had not the right of self-defense.
Until in the fourteenth year of being chosen as a God’s messenger, great God was allowed to defense to Muslims. The Prophet
in an era which were in Medina was tried by sending missionaries all over the world was provided the expansion of Islam.
Also he own was sent several letters to the kings of that period like the king of Iran, Roman Emperor and so on. The action of
these missionaries was successful in many areas, especially since the Yemenis also were oriented to Islam by invitation of
Imam Ali and later were played an important role in the spread of Islam. Furthermore, in many verses of the Quran is
mentioned to various discussions of Prophet with pagans and also people of the book and this is overwhelming and strong
proof on biography of the Prophet in propaganda of religion and the spread of Islam without resorting to force and military
means. Although can’t denied the wars which have been done by Muslims caliphs in order to impose Islam, but what is
important is that between Islam and the performance of its followers is assigned to division. Those who are claimant
compulsion and reluctance in accepting Islam, if slightly to look with an informed and unbiased view o issue understand that
should be put hand on deviation and error of the rulers of the Muslim community which did the easiest but ugliest actions to
spread Islam not are introduced Islam the religion of the sword and its Prophet bloodthirsty and power-seeking.
To Revenge And To Kill Opponents
The others orientalists are mentioned the aim of the wars of the Prophet the murder and killing of opponents.
Interestingly, these analysts have not any document and documented historical evidence to prove this hypothesis.
Karen Armstrong
He says about this the Prophet saw the existence of the Jewish tribes a bilateral risk for himself, because if the
GHORAISH army were attacked rom south to Medina, two great Jewish tribes could be united with them and were payed to
war with Muslims and if were attacked from north the Jewish tribes were found the possibility of attack to them from behind,
for this reason, the Prophet was decided to solve this difficulty in this form and to remove them. He in the following without
any reference to the betrayal of Jews says: the story of BANI QURAYZA was one of strangest and the most unfortunate
stories of the early history of Islam. Surely, is very difficult for us to separate this story from the massacres of Nazi and
naturally such conclusion send away a lot of people from Mohammad without a doubt. He says in the following: this massacre
was the last case of such brutal and violent actions and in fact was a new start after the end of the worst part of jihad.
The Criticism Of Viewpoint
Of course, look at the history of Christianity and Judaism is indicated this fact that massacres and violence in Judaism
and Christianity religion not only is entangled non-Christian and Jewish nations, but also on several occasions also were
fighting with the Christians and Jews who had religious opposition with them and had not the least pity towards them. For
example, can be indicated the decades Europe wars between the two sects of Catholic and Protestant which took many victims.
These two Christian sects had disagreement with one another in the understanding of Holy book and many years were killed
each other until Catholics were recognized the religion of Protestants. Of course, Christians were applied this revengeful
behavior but more severe than this towards Muslims which the most important of it was the cruciate wars between Europeans
and Muslims on the takeover of Jerusalem.
Ashpvlr
He says the Prophet in Medina couldn’t be drawn the support and attention of Christians and Jews towards himself
and especially from Jews because were focused on controversies which was in the revelation of the Prophet and Torah topics
and were reminded the Prophet, the Prophet was found a deep hatred to them day by day and was tried to retaliate with them
and was criticized their religion and said their book had distorted and the Prophet was done several actions to illustrate this
hatred and resignation of Jews. He writes in the following: after the trench war had been happened the best situation for the
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Prophet also to destroy the last Jewish tribe. He was convinced and agreed the other residents with skillfully preparation to kill
the men of this tribe. And to take women to captive and to divide their property.
Svrdl
He says after the trench war the Prophet was powered more in Medina day by day and therefore he was abused of this
his power and position and gradually and was wiped out a group of Jews which were annoying and against him.
Montgomery Watt
He says the Jews because were considered a threat for the Prophet, the Prophet was decided to eliminate them.
Because they were attacked to all ideas which has been consistent the position of Mohammad on them. As well as, in the case
of execution of BANU QURAYZA tribe says: some European writers have severe criticized of this command and have called
it brutal and inhuman. But should be noted when in Saudi Arabia the tribes were in war together or there was not a compact
between them had not a commitment from any of to one another and what we call it human perfection had not meant for them.
For enemy and aliens were not distinguished a right. If someone was refused of the killing and oppression was not kind of
altruism, but was from fear of that lest to take revenge from his relatives.
The criticism of viewpoint
According to AUGUSTINE justly wars usually are those which take place for revenge of losses and injuries and if the
nation or city which takes place acts of war against them, was punished the wrongdoing acts which have done the citizens of
that aggressive city and at the same time were refused from the pay of damage and or war was for retaking what is taken
illegitimately and unjustly, also any war which God has commanded to it is legitimate. He is justified the war if is a
manifestation of God. He says in this context: “if God is issued the killing command for a special reason, homicide becomes a
reward.” According to the numerous verses of the Quran, is asked of Muslims frequently in dealing with the people of the
book are entered from a healthy and friendship way not through war and threat. The Prophet was dealt with people of the book
with peace according to the numerous verses of the Quran and Jews itself were began betrayal and perfidy in principle. The
Holy Goran knows kill a man without crime as killing all mankind and rescue and guidance of a man as guided all mankind. In
the event of BANU QURAYZA was given the issue of verdict to SAAD IBN MAAZ which BANU QURAYZA itself had
chosen him as his sentence and this verdict was coincided completely by verdict of the Jewish Holy book and on the other
hand, SAAD IBN MAAZ had seen the fate of the BANU NADIR and BANU QAYNUQA and was believed that the BANU
QURAYZA tribe should have been lessoned from the fate of the two tribes because of their betrayal (because for the pardon of
the two tribes was threatened again the people of Medina and the basis of Islam by them) and for this reason he was ordered to
the such verdict. Also it is right that in the verses of Quran and Islam was emphasized great to encourage Muslims to fight
against enemies and aggressors, but as well as was requested them was not beyond up their feet and in no way had not given
them the permission of violation and assault and always wanted them been adhered to the humanitarian principles and as far as
possible were crafted themselves peace and in any verse of verses did not give to Muslims the permission of indulgence. Even
where the war side of the Prophet was infidels and pagans which had treated with Muslims in the worst way. Certainly can be
argued that of the approximately 260 verses which are in the Quran, even there isn’t one verse which is attributed the initiative
of war and attack to Muslims or is allowed to Muslims to attempt to start a war, but is attributed to the pagans the preemption
in the war and assault and counted their attack the reason of disposal and license of fight. And again is commanded to Muslims
which if these traitor pagans and abusers was stopped from war and wanted peace, the Muslims were reconciled with them. On
the other hand, the leave of conflict compacts which the Prophet was signed is very countless and the most popular of them is
the HUDAYBIYYAH peace treaty. The existence of these rules in Islam implies that Islam is not sought the destroying of
opponents and hegemony and domination over them in any way, but the aim of Islam of war is defensive war and to prevent
the domination of arrogant and power-seekers. The Prophet policy about the release of prisoners of BADR war, his graciously
treatment about the prisoners of HUNAIN battle is another example of friendly and gracious compassion and human dignity of
the Prophet. His pardon during the conquest of Mecca for those who did not come to the war with Muslims is indicated his
spirit of peace. The Prophet over and over and in different ways was pushed his followers of having improper ignorant motives
to the supreme religious motives in jihad. Also God in Quran in BAROJ surah verses 4-8 have criticized this action strongly
which war is a tool for killing opponents and revenge of them strongly.
Conclusion
According to the materials which is hinted to it in the text was observed that many false analysis about the wars of the
Prophet is provided without citation to the authentic historical documents and just of the suspicion and the bias of orientalists.
Unfortunately, many of the orientalists are offered a distorted picture of Islam. The enemies of Islam are accused Islam terror
and violence and for their claims is raised and are placed their excuse verses and hadiths which encourages Muslims to jihad
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and battle and having the spirit of martyrdom and in this way is introduced Islam a religion of violence and the Muslims
terrorists and with extensive advertising is directed and conducted the public opinion which do not know and Islamic manmade and valuable principles to the direction which they want. In Islam the wars which is done in the racism and serious and
ignorant prejudices, the earning of reputation, wealth and similar items is not acceptable and is counted these actions assault
and invasion. Therefore, war in Islam only is to end the harassment which pagans and unbelievers admissible to Muslims and
are prevented of their religiosity and theism. On the other hand, in all wars of the Prophet, the aim was for establishment peace
and life education of all human beings is to the pure nature of God, to all of every race, language and climate and every color
can move to its proper perfection by enjoying the facilities of God and therefore, jihad in Islamic texts has magnificent face.
The truth which was in the life of the Prophet was bravery, patience and perseverance. He for 13 years was on the threat of
pagans in Mecca and 10 years in Medina was stabled against the conspiracies and hostilities of Jews and hypocrites, but never
was not pioneer for war. In the full of ups and downs history of Islam has happened many wars, but can’t called none of them a
net war. All of them have been jihad for the sake of God. The adverb of the sake of God is indicate the nature and purpose of
jihad which indeed is God being and for the sake of God. The ultimate purpose of this jihad is to promote the worship of God
around the world, to implement the principles and values of human including ethic principles or legal like the realization of
freedom, justice and equality. According to what was said was found that the role of jihad have been only protection of Islam
and Muslims against the conspiracies. This is what the Islam school there is about the war and its motivation.
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