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Classification
Grouping & Identifying
Living Things
Why classify?
 It is an ordered way of describing similar
living things that can be recognised world
wide.
 The largest group is the KINGDOM of
which there are 5.These share similar
features e.g. plants are green and carry
out photosynthesis.
 Each Kingdom is subdivided in PHYLA
(single:PHYLUM) e.g. Chordata
(backbone)
Each Phylum is divided into a CLASS
(e.g. Mammalia)
Then comes
ORDER (e.g. Carnivora)
FAMILY (e.g. Felidae)
GENUS (e.g. Panthera)
SPECIES ( e.g. Panthera Leo)
Binomial System
 There are many types of similar animals in the
world e.g. the MONGOOSE can be meerkat,
Suricate or Sun Angel.
 To avoid confusion about each species they are
given a scientific names using the Bionomial
System (which means 2 names)
 The first name is the GENUS (family name) and
the 2nd is the TRIVIAL name that applies to 1
species.
 E.g. Human is HOMO SAPIEN
 Lion is PANTERA LEO
 Cholera bacteria is VIBRIO CHOLERAE
Classifying Living Things
We put livings things into two large
groups:
Animals
Plants
Animals
Animals are spilt into two major
groups:
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
These are animals with a backbone.
There are five groups of vertebrates:
Amphibians
Birds
Fish
Mammals
Reptiles
Amphibians
 Have moist skin
 Lay jelly coated
eggs in water
 Lives on land and
returns to water to
breed water
 Fertilisation is
external
 Breath using lungs
on land and
through skin in
water
Birds
 Have feathers and
hollow bones
 Lay hard shelled
eggs
 Warm blooded
(homeothermic)
 Front limbs modified
as wings
 Beak is light and has
no bone or teeth
Fish
 Have wet scales
covered in mucus
for streamlining
 Lays eggs in water
 Lives in water
 Fins for swimming
and balance
 Have a lateral line
for detecting
vibrations and
pressure
Mammals
Have hair or fur and
females produce milk to
suckle young
Give birth to live well
developed offspring (no
eggs)
Warm blooded
Mouth contains a variety
of teeth for varied diets
Reptiles
 Have dry scales to reduce
water loss
 Fertilisation is internal but
development is external
 Lay leathery waterproof
shelled eggs
 Cold blooded so often
bask in the sun to raise
body temperature
Summary of Vertebrates
Invertebrates
 These are animals without a backbone
 There are eight groups of invertebrates
 Molluscs
 Flatworms
 Annelids
 Roundworms
 Sponges
 Echinoderms
 Cnidarians
 Arthropods
Molluscs
 Crawl on a single
fleshy pad called a
foot.
 Can have a shell
hardened by
calcium carbonate.
 Mouthparts
designed to scrape
vegetation on land
Flatworms
Have flat worm
like bodies
Usually have
“hooked”
mouthparts to
attach to a host
Annelids ( segmented worm)
 Have round worm like bodies
with a mucus layer
 Have bodies divided into
segments
 Chitae (bristles) found on
each segment for movement
 Clitellum (saddle) to bind 2
worms together during
reproduction
 Pointed front end for biting
leaves and helping
movement through soil
Roundworms( Nematodes)
Have long thin round worm
like bodies so not washed
from hosts system
Have bodies with no
segments
Body covered in mucus to
prevent attack by hosts
digestive juices
Sponges
Have bodies
made of loosely
joined cells
Echinoderms
Have bodies divided
into five parts
Have spiny outer
covering
Cnidarians(jellyfish)
Have thin sack
like bodies
Have tentacles
Arthropods
Have lots of legs and segmented
bodies.
There are four group of arthropods:
 Arachnids
Centipedes & Millipedes
Crustaceans
Insects
Arachnid
 Have four pairs of
legs attached to
cephalothorax
 Have bodies divided
into two sections
cephalothorax and
abdomen
 Spinneret which
produces long thin
strands of silk
 Powerful jaws
Myriapods – Centipedes
& Millipedes
 Have long thin bodies
and pairs of legs on
each of their many
body sections
 Mouthparts are
modified legs
hardened for biting
 Hard exoskeleton
 Antennae are sense
organs
Crustacean
 Have five-seven
pairs of legs
 First pair often
used as pincers
 Bodies covered in a
thick shell called a
carapace
 2 pairs of antennae
and compound
eyes
 Many have gills
under their shells
Insects
 Have three pairs of legs
 Bodies divided into three
sections
 Often have wings
 Breathe through holes called
Spiracles in the abdomen
 1 pair of antennae and
compound eyes
 Covered in a waterproof cuticle
to reduce water loss