Download Vertebrate Phyla PowerPoint Notes

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Vertebrates PowerPoint Notes
Phylum Chordata
The vertebrates and their relatives
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List 4 characteristics of a chordate (Be specific!)
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
Subphylum Vertebrata
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____________% of chordates are vertebrates
– Fish
24,000 species
– Amphibian
4,000 species
– Reptiles
6,000 species
– Birds
10,000 species
– Mammals
4,500 species
Fishes
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Aquatic vertebrates
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List 3 characteristics of fish (Be Spcific!)
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
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Can you name any exceptions? ___________________________________________
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Body Systems of Fishes
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List 4 ways fish feed:
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
Most fish breathe using gills
– Gills are feathery filaments containing a network of capillaries. What do the capillaries do?
_________________________________________________________________________
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What type of circulatory system do fish have? __________________________________________
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Fish digestive systems are similar to that of humans
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Ammonia is excreted by diffusion of water through gills and by use of ___________________.
– How does the urine of a fresh water fish compare to that of a salt water fish?
__________________________________________________________________________
Why? _____________________________________________________________________
– How do Fish that move from fresh to salt water adapt to tonicity?
__________________________________________________________________________
Fish Senses
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Fish exhibit _________________________.
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Many fish have _______________________ for an extraordinary sense of taste and smell
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Describe the purpose of a Lateral Line System
_________________________________________________________________________________
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Swim Bladder are used to adjust buoyancy
– How does pulling a fish from 40 feet of water affect the size of its swim bladder?
___________________________________________________________________________
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Fish Reproduction
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Define each of the following terms:
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Oviparous – ______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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Ovoviviparous – ___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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Viviparous – ______________________________________________________________________
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Groups of Fishes
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Class Cephalospidomorphi – lamprey
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Class Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes
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Class Osteichthyes – bony fishes
Lamprey
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Are filter feeders as ____________ and parasites that suck blood and tissues of fish as ____________
Cartilaginous Fishes
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Includes sharks, rays, skates, sawfishes, and chimaeras
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“Chondros” = Greek word for ________________
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A typical shark has 3000 teeth arranged in 6 to 20 rows
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Not all are carnivores, the largest sharks are ________________ ________________
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Some have flat teeth for crushing ________________ and ________________
Bony Fishes
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Skeletons are made of ________________ bone
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Includes fish we are most familiar with: Sunfish, Muskellunge, Northern Pike, Walleye, Smallmouth
Bass, etc.
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Fish Ecology
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Some fish can live in both salt water and fresh water
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Describe each of the following types of fish!
– Anadromous Fishes – ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
– Catadramous Fishes – ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
CLASS AMPHIBIA
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Amphibians gave rise to all other land ________________
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Amphibian means “________________ ________________”
– As larvae they are typically ____________ filter feeders or herbivores breathing through gills
– As adults most species are terrestrial ________________ that breathe through their moist skin
and have lungs
Amphibian Body Systems
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Amphibians’ digestive system is well developed
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Some are ________________ and only breathe through their skin
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Closed circulation in amphibians includes a 3 chambered heart with a double loop system
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________________ is disposed of in urine through the use of kidneys
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Amphibian Reproduction
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Most amphibians lay their eggs in water; fertilization is ________________
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Some salamanders fertilize ________________
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In most cases of external fertilization, the male will attach itself to the female. Eggs and sperm are
released simultaneously and encapsulated in a ________________ that attaches to aquatic plants.
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The jelly nourishes the developing ________________
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Tadpoles hatch and ________________ into adults
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Most amphibians abandon their eggs once they lay them; Some care for both eggs and young
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Some incubate their eggs in unusual places: in their mouth, on their back, or in their stomach
Amphibian Senses
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Amphibians have a well developed brain; Eye’s are protected by a ________________ membrane
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A ________________ membrane, or eardrum, is located on either side of the head
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Many have a lateral line system similar to that of a ________________
Groups of Amphibians
Order Urodela: Salamanders and ________________
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Have long bodies and tails
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Both adults and larvae are ________________
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Most adults are ________________ and live in damp forests
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Some salamanders, such as ________ ____________, keep their gills
and live in water all their lives
Order Anura: Frogs and Toads
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Have the ability to ________________
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Frogs have longer legs and can jump farther than ________________
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Frogs are closely tied to water; toads are more ________________
Order Apoda: Caecilians
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Least known of the amphibians
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Are ________________ and burrow in moist soil or sediment
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Feed on small invertebrates such as termites; Some have scales
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Amphibian Ecology
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Most are a great meal for birds and reptiles
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Some have toxins to poison predators
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Some have bright colors to warn of their toxins
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Some ________________ the bright colors of others and are harmless
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List 6 reasons why Amphibian populations are declining worldwide:
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
CLASS REPTILIA
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Land vertebrates with a well developed skull, a backbone and tail, and four limbs
– Exemptions: snakes have no legs, and turtles have a shell formed of fused vertebrae?
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Can a turtle lose its shell? _______ Explain why not!
________________________________________________________________________
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Reptile Body Systems
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What are ectotherms? _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
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Reptiles have well developed lungs, 4 chambered hearts, and a well developed brain and spinal cord
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How is a reptile able to walk on land easier than an amphibian? ______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Reptile Reproduction
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Reptiles use ________________ fertilization.
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Most are ________________
– Turtles leave their nests unattended
– Alligators protect their nest
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Some snakes are ________________
Reptilian Eggs
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Reptiles have ________________ eggs.
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Describe each membrane!
– Amnion: ___________________________________________________________________
– Yolk Sac: __________________________________________________________________
– Chorion: ___________________________________________________________________
– Allantois: __________________________________________________________________
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Groups of Reptiles
Order Squamata: lizards and snakes
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Most lizards have legs, clawed toes, external ears, & movable
eyelids
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Lizards without legs look more like a ________________
Order Crocodilia: alligators, crocodiles, caimans, and gavials
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Long broad snout and squat appearance
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Fierce ________________
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Very protective of their nests
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Alligators and Caimans live in ________________ and almost exclusively in N. and S. America
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Crocodiles live in both fresh and salt water & are native to Africa, India, and Southeast Asia
Order Chelonia: turtles, tortoises, terrapins
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________________ – live in or near water
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________________ – are terrestrial
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________________ – live in brackish water
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Describe each side of a turtles shell!
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Carapace:
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Plastron:
Order Rhynchocephalia - tuataras
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Tuataras are the only living member of the Order Rhynchocephalia
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Beak headed reptiles that live on a few small islands off the coast of ________________.
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Differ from lizards as they lack external ________________ and retain primitive scales
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They have a legendary “____________ ____________” which is part of a complex organs on top of
the brain – the function is unknown
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Ecology of Reptiles
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Many are in danger due to loss of ________________
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Humans also hunt them for food, pets, and their skins (for bags and boots)
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Many conservation efforts are underway, but more are needed worldwide
CLASS AVES
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Characteristics of most birds
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List 5 Characteristics of most birds:
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
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 __________________________________________________________________________
Feathers
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Used for flight and warmth; explain each of the three types of feathers!
– Contour Feathers: ____________________________________________________________
– Down Feathers: ______________________________________________________________
– Powder Down: _______________________________________________________________
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Body Systems of Birds
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________________: can generate their own body heat; warm-blooded
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In relation to body size, why must smaller birds eat more than larger birds? _________________________________________________________________________________
Feeding habits of Birds
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The lack teeth and therefore do not chew; Beaks are adapted to the types of food they eat
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Bird Digestion: Define each of the following digestive organs found in birds!
– Crop: ______________________________________________________________________
– Gizzard: ___________________________________________________________________
Respiration
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Birds very efficient lungs provide ________________ rich blood during inhalation and exhalation
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Inhaled air enters posterior and anterior air sacs it then travels through the lungs and is exhaled
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Therefore the air flows into the air sacs and out of the lungs in one single direction, always providing
________________ rich air
Circulation and Excretion
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________________ loop circulatory system, similar to that of humans
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________________ is removed by the kidneys, converted to high concentration uric acid and
defecated (bird droppings); similar to reptiles
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Senses of Birds
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The brains of birds are very well developed
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Which senses are well developed?
– Color Vision?
– Hearing?
– Smell?
– Taste?
Bones and Muscles
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Most birds can ________________. Others are adapted for swimming and running
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Bones are light, strong, and adapted for flight; many bones are fused to provide a study base for flight
adaptations
Bird Reproduction
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Both male and female reproductive tracts open into the ________________a
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The sex organs, internal in both sexes, ________________ in size during mating season
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Birds rub their cloacas together during mating to transfer ________________
Eggs and Incubation
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Eggs are amniotic but unlike reptile eggs have a ________________ outer shell
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Eggs must be incubated by the parents since they are ________________.
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Young must be cared for after hatching
Groups of Birds
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There are nearly _______ different orders of birds
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________% of all birds worldwide are perching birds
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Ecology of Birds
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Birds are very ecologically important
– Hummingbirds are involved in ________________.
– Some birds eat ________________ without digesting them and therefore spread the seeds
– Many birds keep ________________ populations in check
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Many birds migrate by guidance of stars, Earth’s landmarks, and Earth’s magnetic field
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Birds are good indicators of ________________ health; bird numbers dwindled with the use of DDT
CLASS MAMMALIA
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List 3 Characteristics of mammals:
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________________________________
Mammal Evolution
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The continents split about ______ mya; three groups of mammals were isolated from one another
Staying Warm
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Animals have ________________ to help insulate their bodies
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They also have ________________ fat to keep them warm; many have sweat glands to cool them off
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Like birds, smaller mammals have higher ________________ to create body heat to keep warm
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Mammals each about _______ times as much food as a reptile in order to stay warm
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Comparison of Vertebrate Forelimbs
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When comparing the bones and bone structures of all vertebrates - birds, amphibians, reptiles, and
mammals – you can see many of the same bones with very similar functions
Mammal Reproduction
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________________ Fertilization occurs in mammals
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What two criteria are used to divide animals into different groups?
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________________________________________________________ and
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________________________________________________________
– Oviparous: egg-laying mammals are called ________________
– Viviparous: includes both ________________ mammals and ________________
Caring for Young
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All newborn mammals feed on their mother’s ________________
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Some ________________ are helpless at birth and must be cared for
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Others are able to see and ________________ within minutes after birth
Monotremes
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Monotremes are the egg laying mammals
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What two notable characteristics do they share with reptiles?
– ___________________________________________________________________________
– ___________________________________________________________________________
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Only 3 species of monotremes exist today: they are found in ________________ and New Guinea
– Duckbill ________________ and two species of Spiny ________________
Laying eggs and caring for young
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Monotremes lay eggs that are incubated outside the body
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They hatch into young animals in about ________ days
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The young are nourished by their mother’s milk that they lick from pores on the mother's abdomen
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Marsupials
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Marsupials give birth to live young that complete their development in an external _______________
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Examples: ________________, ________________, ________________, & Tasmanian devils
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A short time after internal fertilization a small embryo leaves the mother’s body, crawls across the
fur, and enters the ________________ (pouch) where it attaches to a nipple to nurse
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Placental Mammals
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Placental Mammals are those that are most familiar to us. Define each term!
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Placenta – ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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Gestation – _______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Orders of Mammals
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There are _____ orders of placental mammals
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They are classified based on several criteria including
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List 4 criteria used to classify placental mammals:
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________