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Johdatus ympäristöpolitiikkaan – Introduction to environmental policy Janne Hukkinen, ympäristöpolitiikan professori Valtiotieteellinen tdk Bio- ja ympäristötieteellinen tdk Maatalous-metsätieteellinen tdk, Helsingin yliopisto [email protected] Outline • Background to environmental policy – – • Evolution of environmental issues What is sustainability? Rules that guide environmental policy – – • Environmental institutions Systems of environmental regulation Environmental policy tools – – • Impact assessment and life cycle analysis Eco-efficiency tools Roadmaps to sustainability – Scenarios and indicators as roadmaps to sustainability Evolution of environmental issues 1960-70 pollution 1970-80 1980-90 limits to growth large systems 1990sustainability (www.earthportal.org/forum/?cat=28; janne hukkinen; www.solcomhouse.com/nuclear.htm; www.ew.govt.nz/enviroinfo/air/climatechange.htm) Evolution of environmental issues 1960-70 1970-80 1980-90 1990- dominant environmental discourse pollution, carson limited natural complex technoresources, club of logical systems, rome nuclear power sustainable development, brundtland institution environment al officials regulate pollution environmental concern to sectoral organizations self-regulation of complex systems complex institutional innovation with mix of instruments technology end-of-thepipe process-specific end-of-the-pipe clean technology minimizing material flows industrial ecology What is sustainability? Raise or lower water level in lake? What is sustainability? Sustainability is a set of preferred pathways of development – socially constructed by people: Different social groups hold well-reasoned but different views of what the sustainable future is— difficult to say which is the ‘correct’ or ‘optimal’ one – objectively constrained by ecology: An ecosystem may have several alternative locally stable, ecologically sustainable states Outline • Background to environmental policy – – • Evolution of environmental issues What is sustainability? Rules that guide environmental policy – – • Environmental institutions Systems of environmental regulation Environmental policy tools – – • Impact assessment and life cycle analysis Eco-efficiency tools Roadmaps to sustainability – Scenarios and indicators as roadmaps to sustainability Rules that guide environmental policy: environmental institutions SOCIETY GAME Institutions (laws, regulations, customs) Rules of the game Organizations Teams playing the game Individuals Players Policies and strategies Strategies Systems of environmental regulation • command and control – Technological performance standards – Effluent standards – Ambient standards • agreements • economic instruments – Taxes – Tradeable pollution permits • organizational reform Command and control technological performance standards effluent standards ambient standards Economic instruments PRODUCTION Waste Product CONSUMPTION Recycled waste Waste RECYCLING Virgin natural resource Waste ENVIRONMENT Technosystem Ecosystem Outline • Background to environmental policy – – • Evolution of environmental issues What is sustainability? Rules that guide environmental policy – – • Environmental institutions Systems of environmental regulation Environmental policy tools – – • Impact assessment and life cycle analysis Eco-efficiency tools Roadmaps to sustainability – Scenarios and indicators as roadmaps to sustainability Environmental policy tools: Impact assessment • Analytical framework to minimize potential adverse social and ecological impacts of new developments at the planning, design, and development stage • Difference between social and ecological impact assessment: – revealing possibility of social impact will alter social behavior, because human beings act strategically and know that their fellow human beings also act strategically – no such link between ecosystem impact and ecosystem behavior Environmental policy tools: Impact assessment (Leopold matrix) Proposed actions (Aj) A1 A2 A3 A4 Environmental E1 characteristics E2 (Ei) E3 Mij/Iij E4 Mij = Effect: magnitude of impact i caused by activity j (-10…10) Iij = Significance: importance of impact i caused by activity j (1…10) ECOSOCIAL IMPACTS energy extract matter energy matter transport manufacture distribute use dispose ECOSOCIAL IMPACTS Life cycle analysis Indicators of eco-efficiency • eco-efficiency, material efficiency (service/material intensity) • MIPS (material intensity/service) • ecological rucksack (weight of natural resources used to produce product) • ecological footprint (land area required to produce product) • Factor 4 and 10 (quantitative targets with time schedules for dematerialization) In all indicators life cycle analysis used as analytical tool Outline • Background to environmental policy – – • Evolution of environmental issues What is sustainability? Rules that guide environmental policy – – • Environmental institutions Systems of environmental regulation Environmental policy tools – – • Impact assessment and life cycle analysis Eco-efficiency tools Roadmaps to sustainability – Scenarios and indicators as roadmaps to sustainability What does it look like out there? • Ehrlich and Holdren: I=PAT, where – – – – Impact (kg), Population (cap), Affluence (eur/cap), Technology (kg/eur) (NOTE: this is MIPS) • But in next 40 yrs: – P up, – A up, – T globally up (only local case specific success) – While need to stabilize I • Need to take degrowth (A down) seriously Roadmaps to sustainability: How to reconcile social constructivism and objective realism? Bandwidth of X in scenario A Indicator X Bandwidth of X in scenario B t’ Time t’’ - Indicator X bounded by alternative sustainability scenarios A and B - Drop in X at time t’’ means abandoning sustainable bandwidth in scenario A but entering sustainable trajectory in scenario B - Example: If X=GDP, then low GDP is sustainable in scenario B