Download Environmental policy tools

Johdatus ympäristöpolitiikkaan –
Introduction to environmental
policy
Janne Hukkinen, ympäristöpolitiikan professori
Valtiotieteellinen tdk
Bio- ja ympäristötieteellinen tdk
Maatalous-metsätieteellinen tdk,
Helsingin yliopisto
[email protected]
Outline
•
Background to environmental policy
–
–
•
Evolution of environmental issues
What is sustainability?
Rules that guide environmental policy
–
–
•
Environmental institutions
Systems of environmental regulation
Environmental policy tools
–
–
•
Impact assessment and life cycle analysis
Eco-efficiency tools
Roadmaps to sustainability
–
Scenarios and indicators as roadmaps to sustainability
Evolution of environmental issues
1960-70
pollution
1970-80
1980-90
limits to growth large systems
1990sustainability
(www.earthportal.org/forum/?cat=28; janne hukkinen; www.solcomhouse.com/nuclear.htm; www.ew.govt.nz/enviroinfo/air/climatechange.htm)
Evolution of environmental issues
1960-70
1970-80
1980-90
1990-
dominant
environmental
discourse
pollution,
carson
limited natural
complex technoresources, club of logical systems,
rome
nuclear power
sustainable
development,
brundtland
institution
environment
al officials
regulate
pollution
environmental
concern to
sectoral organizations
self-regulation of
complex systems
complex institutional innovation
with mix of
instruments
technology
end-of-thepipe
process-specific
end-of-the-pipe
clean technology minimizing
material flows
industrial ecology
What is sustainability?
Raise or lower water level in lake?
What is sustainability?
Sustainability is a set of preferred
pathways of development
– socially constructed by
people: Different social
groups hold well-reasoned
but different views of what
the sustainable future is—
difficult to say which is the
‘correct’ or ‘optimal’ one
– objectively constrained
by ecology: An ecosystem
may have several
alternative locally stable,
ecologically sustainable
states
Outline
•
Background to environmental policy
–
–
•
Evolution of environmental issues
What is sustainability?
Rules that guide environmental policy
–
–
•
Environmental institutions
Systems of environmental regulation
Environmental policy tools
–
–
•
Impact assessment and life cycle analysis
Eco-efficiency tools
Roadmaps to sustainability
–
Scenarios and indicators as roadmaps to sustainability
Rules that guide environmental
policy: environmental institutions
SOCIETY
GAME
Institutions (laws,
regulations, customs)
Rules of the game
Organizations
Teams playing the game
Individuals
Players
Policies and strategies
Strategies
Systems of environmental
regulation
• command and control
– Technological
performance
standards
– Effluent standards
– Ambient standards
• agreements
• economic instruments
– Taxes
– Tradeable pollution
permits
• organizational reform
Command and control
technological
performance
standards
effluent
standards
ambient
standards
Economic instruments
PRODUCTION
Waste
Product
CONSUMPTION
Recycled waste
Waste
RECYCLING
Virgin
natural
resource
Waste
ENVIRONMENT
Technosystem
Ecosystem
Outline
•
Background to environmental policy
–
–
•
Evolution of environmental issues
What is sustainability?
Rules that guide environmental policy
–
–
•
Environmental institutions
Systems of environmental regulation
Environmental policy tools
–
–
•
Impact assessment and life cycle analysis
Eco-efficiency tools
Roadmaps to sustainability
–
Scenarios and indicators as roadmaps to sustainability
Environmental policy tools: Impact
assessment
• Analytical framework to minimize potential adverse social and
ecological impacts of new developments at the planning, design, and
development stage
• Difference between social and ecological impact assessment:
– revealing possibility of social impact will alter social behavior,
because human beings act strategically and know that their
fellow human beings also act strategically
– no such link between ecosystem impact and ecosystem behavior
Environmental policy tools: Impact
assessment (Leopold matrix)
Proposed actions (Aj)
A1
A2
A3
A4
Environmental E1
characteristics
E2
(Ei)
E3
Mij/Iij
E4
Mij = Effect: magnitude of impact i caused by
activity j
(-10…10)
Iij = Significance: importance of impact i caused by
activity j (1…10)
ECOSOCIAL IMPACTS
energy
extract
matter
energy
matter
transport
manufacture
distribute
use
dispose
ECOSOCIAL IMPACTS
Life cycle
analysis
Indicators of eco-efficiency
• eco-efficiency, material
efficiency
(service/material intensity)
• MIPS (material
intensity/service)
• ecological rucksack (weight
of natural resources used to
produce product)
• ecological footprint (land
area required to produce
product)
• Factor 4 and 10 (quantitative
targets with time schedules
for dematerialization)
 In all indicators life cycle
analysis used as analytical
tool
Outline
•
Background to environmental policy
–
–
•
Evolution of environmental issues
What is sustainability?
Rules that guide environmental policy
–
–
•
Environmental institutions
Systems of environmental regulation
Environmental policy tools
–
–
•
Impact assessment and life cycle analysis
Eco-efficiency tools
Roadmaps to sustainability
–
Scenarios and indicators as roadmaps to sustainability
What does it look like out there?
• Ehrlich and Holdren:
I=PAT, where
–
–
–
–
Impact (kg),
Population (cap),
Affluence (eur/cap),
Technology (kg/eur) (NOTE:
this is MIPS)
• But in next 40 yrs:
– P up,
– A up,
– T globally up (only local
case specific success)
– While need to stabilize I
• Need to take degrowth (A
down) seriously
Roadmaps to sustainability: How to reconcile
social constructivism and objective realism?
Bandwidth of
X in scenario
A
Indicator X
Bandwidth of
X in scenario
B
t’
Time
t’’
- Indicator X bounded by alternative sustainability scenarios A and B
- Drop in X at time t’’ means abandoning sustainable bandwidth in
scenario A but entering sustainable trajectory in scenario B
- Example: If X=GDP, then low GDP is sustainable in scenario B