Download new social movements

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5
part
CHANGING SOCIETY
The Sociological
Perspective
McGraw-Hill
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chapter
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
AND SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
22
CHAPTER OUTLINE
•Theories of Collective Behavior
•Forms of Collective Behavior
•Communications Technology and Collective Behavior
•Social Policy and Social Movements: Lesbian and Gay
Rights
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Theories of Collective Behavior
█Emergent-Norm Perspective
– Emergent-Norm Perspective: During an
episode of collective behavior, a definition
of what behavior is appropriate or not
emerges from the crowd.
– Emergent-norm perspective reflects shared
convictions held by members of the group
and is enforced through sanctions.
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Theories of Collective Behavior
█Value-Added Perspective
– Value-Added Model: Explains how broad
social conditions are transformed in a
definite pattern into some form of collective
behavior.
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Theories of Collective Behavior
█Value-Added Perspective
– Six Determinants of Collective Behavior:
• Structural conduciveness
• Structural strain
• Generalized belief
• A precipitating factor
• Mobilization for Action
• Exercise of social control
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Theories of Collective Behavior
█Assembling Perspective
– Assembling Perspective: Examines how
and why people move from different points
in space to a common location.
• Periodic assemblies
• Non-periodic assemblies
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Forms of Collective Behavior
█Crowds
– Crowds: Temporary groupings of people in
close proximity who share a common focus
or interest.
– Crowds are not totally lacking in structure.
– During riots, the emergent-norm perspective
suggests that a new social norm is accepted,
at least temporarily, that condones looting.
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Forms of Collective Behavior
█Disaster Behavior
– Disaster: A sudden or disruptive event or
set of events that overtaxes a community’s
resources so that outside aid is necessary.
– Sociologists have made enormous strides in
disaster research.
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Forms of Collective Behavior
█Disaster Behavior
– September 11 Disaster Response
• Typified many of the hallmarks of disaster
recovery.
– Orderly evacuation
– Establishment of emergency operations center
– Centralized decision making
– Victim recovery and family counseling
– Restoration of communications infrastructure
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Forms of Collective Behavior
█Fads and Fashions
– Fads: Temporary patterns of behavior
involving large numbers of people. They
spring up independently of preceding trends
and do not give rise to successors.
– Fashions: Pleasurable mass involvements
that feature a certain amount of acceptance
by society and have a line of historical
continuity.
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Forms of Collective Behavior
█Panics and Crazes
– Panic: A fearful arousal or collective flight
based on a generalized belief that may or
may not be accurate.
– Craze: An exciting mass involvement that
lasts for a relatively long period of time.
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Forms of Collective Behavior
█Rumors
– Rumor: A piece of information gathered
informally that is used to interpret an
ambiguous situation.
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Forms of Collective Behavior
█Publics and Public Opinion
– Public: A dispersed group of people, not
necessarily in contact with one another, who
share interest in an issue.
– Public Opinion: Expressions of attitudes on
matters of public policy that are
communicated to decision makers.
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14
Forms of Collective Behavior
█Social Movements
– Relative Deprivation
• The conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy
between legitimate expectations and present
actualities.
• In addition to relative deprivation, the following
elements must be present before discontent will
be channeled into a social movement:
– people must feel they have a right to their goals
– they must perceive that they cannot attain their
goals through conventional means
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Forms of Collective Behavior
█Social Movements
– Resource Mobilization
• Resource mobilization refers to the ways in
which a social movement utilizes resources such
as money, political influence, access to the
media, and workers.
• To sustain a social movement, there must be an
organizational base and continuity of
leadership.
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Forms of Collective Behavior
█Social Movements
– Spillover Effects
• A social movement can go beyond its expressly
articulated goals to influence the larger sector of
social movements.
• Consequently, the “spillover effects” of a
particular social movement can persist over
time, even in the face of policy defeats and the
demise of movement organizations.
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Forms of Collective Behavior
█Social Movements
– Gender of Social Movements
• In a male-dominated society, women find it
more difficult to assume leadership positions in
social movement organizations.
• Women often disproportionately serve as
volunteers in organizational movements.
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Forms of Collective Behavior
█Social Movements
– New Social Movements
• The term new social movements refers to
organized collective activities that promote
autonomy and self-determination as well as
improvements in the quality of life.
• New social movements generally do not view
government as their ally in the struggle for a
better society.
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19
Forms of Collective Behavior
█ Table 22.1: Contributions to Social Movement Theory
Approach
Emphasis
Value-added model
Structural strains and generalized beliefs help to
mobilize people for action.
Assembling
perspective
Gatherings at social events follow predictable patterns
of social behavior.
Relative deprivation
approach
Social movements are especially likely to arise when
rising approach expectations are frustrated.
Resource
mobilization
The success of social movements depends on which
resources are available and how effectively they are
used.
New social
movement theory
Social movements arise when people are motivated
by value issues and social identity questions.
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20
Forms of Collective Behavior
█ Categorizing Collective Behavior
Unorganized,
individualized activity
Public/public opinion
Rumors
Panics and crazes
Fads
Fashions
Crowds
Structured,
coordinated activity
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Disasters
Social movements
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21
Communications Technology and
Collective Behavior
█Many of the examples used to illustrate
collective behavior reflect the impact of
communication technology.
█Sociology is only beginning to consider
the impact of the latest technology on
various forms of collective behavior.
█New communication technology can
create enclaves of similarly minded
people
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22
Social Policy and Social
Movements
█Lesbian and Gay Rights
– The Issue
• Despite large numbers of lesbians and gay men
in the U.S. and around the world,
homosexuality continues to function in many
societies as a master status that carries a stigma.
• A social movement for lesbian and gay rights
has emerged across the U.S.
• This movement is putting pressure on
policymakers to pass laws establishing and
protecting gay and lesbian rights.
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23
Social Policy and Social
Movements
█Lesbian and Gay Rights
– The Setting
• While many voluntary associations supporting
lesbian and gay rights are primarily local in
their focus, a growing number of national
organizations address gay issues.
• In the private sector, progress in alleviating
discrimination has been uneven.
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24
Social Policy and Social
Movements
█Lesbian and Gay Rights
– Sociological Insights
• Viewed from a conflict perspective, the
dominant ideology encourages antigay prejudice
and discrimination by excluding positive images
of lesbians and gay men while emphasizing
narrow stereotypes.
• Like all social movements, the movement on
behalf of gay and lesbian rights is not unified.
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Social Policy and Social
Movements
█Lesbian and Gay Rights
– Policy Initiatives
• Beginning in the 1990s, opponents of lesbian
and gay rights focused on statewide ballot
initiatives as a key tactic.
• Resistance to lesbian and gay rights has also
been evident in the battle over possible
legalization of same-sex marriages.
• A common stereotype has been that lesbian and
gay organizations are found only in Western
industrialized nations.
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