Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
World War II & The Holocaust Important Vocabulary • Genocide- The systematic elimination of a people or nation. • Anti-Semitic - hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group • Ghetto- a part of a city predominantly occupied by a particular ethnic group that may be looked down upon for various reasons What was WWII? • 1939-1945 • 61 countries were involved • An Estimated 60 million deaths Why did WWII start? • After WWI, Germany had to give up land and their armed forces • Germans elected Adolf Hitler (Nazi party) as Chancellor in 1933 • Hitler promised to make Germany a great country again Who was Hitler? • Absolute ruler of Germany from 1933 until 1945 • Responsible for Germany’s military decisions • Responsible for the restrictions placed on Jews • Responsible for the treatment of Jews in the “Final Solution” Why did Hitler dislike Jews? • Hitler saw the world in terms of race. • He believed that all of the different races were in competition to world domination. • Hitler thought the superior race were those with fair skin, blue eyes, and blonde hair (Aryan race). What the Nazis Believed The Nazis valued authority and order. The Nazis valued emotion more than reason. The Nazis valued the community rather than the individual. The Nazis had a strong belief in the traditional family. The Nazis were strong nationalists. The Nazis saw politics as a religion. The Nazis valued the concept of a select race. Symbols Jewish Life Before the War Remember always that you not only have the right to be an individual, you have an obligation to be one. - Eleanor Roosevelt Malka Orkin (left) and her friend Tusia Goldberg. Tusia, whose father later became a member of the Bialystok ghetto Jewish council, survived the war. Malka did not survive. Lova Warszawczyk rides his tricycle in the garden of his home in Warsaw shortly before the start of World War II. He survived. A group of Jewish children pose in their bathing suits while vacationing in the resort town of Swider, near Warsaw. The two girls on the right are Gina and Ziuta Szczecinski. Both perished during the war. Leaving Germany • Jews began to leave Germany because of the persecution they were facing. Why did some decide to stay? Many German Jews thought of themselves as Germans who happened to be born Jewish. The Wallach Family, Munich, 1928. Moritz (dad), Meta (mom), Lotte, Annelise, Fritz, Rolf (Greek) Sacrifice by fire. The systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of Jews by the Nazi Germany and its allies between 1933 and 1945. The Victims It is true that not all victims were Jews, but all Jews were victims. - Elie Wiesel, 1995 Jews Political Opponents Habitual Criminals Handicapped Homosexuals Jehovah’s Witnesses Roma & Sinti (Gypsies) Poles Freemasons Immigrants Soviet P.O.W.’s American P.O.W.’s African-Germans Extermination Deportation Ghettoization Confiscation Exclusion Identification Examples of Jewish Identifications Exclusion Boycott of Jewish Shops SA soldiers stood at the entrances to Jewish shops and professional offices discouraging non-Jewish patrons from entering. Signs were posted warning: “Germans! Beware! Don’t Buy from Jews!” Kristallnacht “Night of the Broken Glass” November 9-10, 1938 During Kristallnacht, SA men and Hitler Youth stole from Jewish shops and apartments. By terrorizing the Jews, ruining their businesses and destroying their places of worship, the Nazis hoped to force Jews to leave. Synagogue in Aachen, Germany, built 1862. Synagogue in Aachen after its destruction. Ghettos • Jews were forced to leave their homes and live in ghettos From Ghettos to Concentration Camps Concentration Camps • There were two kinds of concentration camps: death and work. The Final Solution • The term refers to Germany's plan to murder all the Jews of Europe. The term was used at the Wannsee Conference (1942) where German officials discussed its implementation. The Final Solution Gas chamber at Camp Auschwitz How did WWII end? • May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders • August 15, 1945 Japan Surrenders Poland 88% 2,900,000 Soviet Union Hungary Romania Lithuania Germany Netherlands Bohemia & Moravia France Latvia Slovakia Greece Yugoslavia Austria Belgium Italy Luxembourg Estonia Norway Denmark Finland Albania Bulgaria Spain Sweden Switzerland 33% 70% 35% 90% 27% 75% 84% 24% 75% 76% 80% 72% 27% 44% 20% 50% 33% 55% 1.3% 2.8% 0 0 0 0 0 1,000,000 550,000 271,000 140,000 134,500 100,000 78,150 77,320 70,000 68,000 60,000 56,200 50,000 28,900 7,680 1,950 1,500 762 60 7 0 0 0 0 0 Jewish Losses TOTAL : 5,596,029 * * These are minimum losses as reported by Yehuda Bauer and Robert Rozett, "Estimated Jewish Losses in the Holocaust," in Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p.1799. The estimated number of Jewish fatalities during the Holocaust is usually given between 5.1 and 6 million victims. Despite the availability of numerous scholarly works and archival sources on the subject, Holocaust related figures may never be definitely known. Displaced Persons (DP’s) Portraits of children in Germany holding name cards, in search of their families. Their photographs were published in newspapers. Jewish refugees in Shanghai look for names of relatives and friends who may have survived the war. A child lights a Hannukah menorah during a celebration in a DP camp. Wedding ceremony at a DP camp. The Children “A Loss of Infinite Possibility” “Listen, listen well to the tale Of what they have seen What they have gone through. For you are the new spring In the forrest of the world.” Promise of a New Spring by Gerda Weissmann Klein, Survivor Chaim Hersh Kirschenbaum. Both he and his mother perished in Auschwitz. Comparisons • • • • 9/11 2,977 The U. S. Civil War: 620,000 Rwanda* 800,000 Holocaust* 6,000,000 * Genocide