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Animal Behavior IB 429
Exam 3,27 April 2007
Name:
UIN:
FORM A
NOTE: Question numbers are for Form A, Form B numbers are in parentheses. Correct
answers are highlighted in bold and italics
1. (35)Which of the following mating systems is defined by one female mating with several males?
a. Monogamy
b. Polygyny
c. Polyandry
d. Promiscuity
2. (37)Which of the following mating systems is most common in birds?
a. Monogamy
b. Polygyny
c. Polyandry
d. Promiscuity
3. (38)Monogamy is more likely to evolve in situations in which:
a. Males easily monopolize resources necessary for acquiring extra mates
b. Male parental care is essential for survival of the offspring
c. Females need to mate with multiple males to increase genetic variability of their
offspring
d. Parental care is unnecessary for offspring survival
4. (39)The polygyny threshold model predicts:
a. Males with the best quality territories will be monogamous
b. Polygyny should be more common where there is little variation in territory quality
c. Territorial females will prefer to mate with several males
d. A male’s territory quality will be related to his mating success
5. (40)Which of the following statements describes the lek paradox?
a. Although males congregate in leks to attract mates, most of the females will choose to
mate with just a few of the males, leaving many unsuccessful males.
b. Females do not choose males on the basis of preferred characteristics, but on the basis of
lek territory quality, so the lek does not actually signify male quality.
c. Leks are “hotspots” that amplify male sexual characteristics, so females cannot
adequately choose between males that actually differ in quality.
d. Because leks are congregations of males, they may attract predators, so that when
females come to choose males, they are at a greater risk of predation.
6. (41)Which of the following is NOT a benefit of EPCs for females?
a. Offspring that are more genetically diverse.
b. Access to resources through extra mates.
c. Offspring that may be of superior genetic quality.
d. Decreased risk of male retaliation.
7. (42)Which of the following is an ultimate reason why males may provide less parental care?
a. The potential reproductive rate is lower for males
b. Variance in reproductive success is lower for males
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c. Males are less ‘confident’ of paternity of offspring
d. Males often have a longer interval between reproductive efforts
8. (1)Which of the following factors is important for determining the extent and type (biparental vs.
single parent) of parental care?
a. Resource availability in the environment
b. The sex of offspring produced
c. Hatching (a)synchrony of offspring
d. All of the above
9. (2)In colonial cliff swallows, the calls of chicks are highly variable between individuals, as
compared to the more uniform calls of chicks in a solitary species, the rough-winged swallow.
The best ultimate explanation for the maintenance of variation in cliff swallow chick calls is:
a. Calling is less important for cliff swallows, therefore chick calling patterns have diverged
within the population as a result of genetic drift.
b. Divergent calls serve as the basis for offspring recognition in cliff swallows; this is
adaptive due to their highly social nature.
c. Cliff swallows are less sensitive to brood parasitism, therefore, there is less selection
pressure to maintain a uniform, species-specific call.
d. Offspring care is communal in cliff swallows, therefore calls have evolved to be more
divergent because individual recognition is unimportant.
10. (3)In some species such as the egrets, siblicide is tolerated by parents. Which of the following
ultimate explanations could account for this unexpected behavior?
a. Parents may allow offspring to die under crowded conditions, as this permits sharing of
resources with other egrets and benefits the species.
b. When resources are scarce, it is in the parents’ best interest to have the one, strongest
chick survive.
c. Egrets are incapable of offspring recognition.
d. A and B
11. (4)Research with monogamous prairie voles and promiscuous meadow voles demonstrates that a
single gene can have a major effect on a complex behavior, namely pair bonding between mates.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
12. (5)Which of the following can be a cost of sociality?
a. Division of labor
b. Increased disease transmission
c. Decreased indirect fitness
d. Shared defenses
13. (6)A group with high reproductive skew is characterized by:
a. More males than females.
b. More females than males.
c. A few individuals gaining most of the reproduction.
d. Equal distribution of reproduction among individuals.
14. (7)Hamilton’s Rule describes the following relationship:
a. Cheating can evolve when individual benefits outweigh group benefits.
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b. Altruism can evolve when the indirect genetic benefits to the altruist outweigh the costs
of altruism.
c. Group selection can occur when relatedness between groups is zero.
15. (8)In populations in which only a few individuals reproduce, what social mechanisms may be
used to maintain this form of social organization?
a. Dominants may offer “staying incentives” such as a share of reproduction to subordinate
individuals.
b. Dominants may offer “peace incentives” such as reduced aggression to subordinate
individuals.
c. Dominants may physically dominate and suppress reproduction of subordinates.
d. All of the above
16. (9)In multicellular organisms, at each new generation, high relatedness between cells is
maintained by a unicellular bottleneck. This is important because:
a. It aligns the genetic interests of the daughter cells by assuring they are genetically
identical.
b. It is the process by which mutations occur which leads to genetic variation that can be
used as fuel for natural selection.
c. It allows the organism to undergo asexual reproduction, avoiding the costs of meiosis and
recombination.
17. (10) Which of the following forms of conflict can be predicted from coefficients of relatedness in
haplodiploid social insects?
a. Queen-worker conflict over the sex ratio of offspring
b. Sibling (worker-worker) conflict over labor
c. Worker-male conflict over colony size
d. Conflict between neighboring, unrelated colonies
18. (11)One of the advantages of eusociality is an improved ability to exploit and defend valuable
resources too large or widespread for a single individual.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
19. (12)In a study of bumble bees, Sydney Cameron found that young bees tend to stay in the nest
and perform brood care, while older bees more often perform foraging. This same pattern of
division of labor has been observed in many social insects, and is referred to as:
a. Morphological castes
b. Reproductive castes
c. Temporal polyethism
d. Foraging-for-work
20. (13)The “take-home message” of Dr. Larry Hanks’ lecture on longhorned beetle pheromones
was:
a. Never listen to graduate students.
b. Different longhorned beetle species use the same or similar chemicals as mating
pheromones, just in different combinations, to distinguish between species.
c. Longhorned beetles only use long range pheromones for mate location and attraction.
d. Different species of longhorned beetles use completely different chemicals as
pheromones in order to distinguish between species.
e. All of the above.
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21. (14) Which of the following statements is NOT true of bat echolocation?
a. Echolocation relies on a complex chemosensory system.
b. Bats can detect the distance of a moving object based on the lag time between sound
emission and the time it takes for the echo to return.
c. A large portion of the bat brain is dedicated to processing auditory information in the
most biologically relevant range (61-63 kHz).
d. Different regions of the brain are used to detect sound frequency, determine direction,
and velocity of objects.
22. (15)A key concept of sensory systems is that they report all possible incoming sensory
information from the environment to the brain.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
23. (16)Roeder’s experiments with moth detection of bats showed that:
a. Moths always respond to detection of bat sounds by performing complicated flight
patterns and plummeting to the ground.
b. The behavioral response of moths depends on the distance at which the bat sounds
were detected.
c. Escape behavior by moths is learned and depends on the integration of experience, bat
sound, and visual detection of bats.
d. Sensory systems are not always tuned to biologically relevant stimuli.
24. (17)The formation of morphological castes (or morphological caste differentiation) in social
insects depends on:
a. Age-related changes in behavior
b. Differences in larval development
c. Social control by the queen
d. Indirect behavioral roles
25. (18)Which of the following behavioral characteristics may contribute to the success of invasive
species?
a. Increased aggression relative to native species
b. High dispersal capabilities
c. Occurring in groups (sociality)
d. All of the above
26. (19)Imprinting on humans can be a problem for reintroduction efforts.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
27.(20)Which of the following mating systems can create large differences between a species’ actual
population size (N) and its effective population size (Ne)?
a. Monogamy
b. Promiscuity
c. Polygyny
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28. (21)After careful behavioral studies, researchers concluded that high rates of juvenile mortality in
the cheetah were primarily a result of low levels of genetic diversity.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
29. (22)Because hunters often shoot game animals using the same characteristics that are under
sexual selection through female choice (for example large horns or antlers), which of the following
statements is most true:
a. Traits under sexual selection may no longer be good indicators of reproductive success
b. Natural selection no longer works
c. Sexual selection is not real
30. (23)The response of animals to habitat loss and fragmentation may be influenced by which of the
following:
a. Social structure
b. Mating system
c. Dispersal ability
d. All of the above
31. (24)A chemical scent that is released by one individual to signal another of the same species is a:
a. Hormone
b. Tactile communication
c. Pheromone
d. Steroid
32. (25) Long-horned beetles use ____ to locate potential mates at close range.
a. Contact pheromones
b. Long range pheromones
c. Plant defensive compounds
d. Cell phones
33. (26) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eusocial species:
a. Overlapping generations
b. Only occurs in insects
c. Reproductive division of labor
d. Communal care of offspring
e. Both A and B
34. (27) As the number of unrelated queens in a colony increases, the relatedness among workers in
the colony:
a. Stays the same
b. Increases
c. Decreases
35. (28) Which of the following is NOT a reason why an individual may forgo its own reproduction
to help its parents rear young:
a. It is related to the young its helping and therefore gains inclusive fitness
b. It may gain experience in raising young
c. Dispersal may be too costly
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d. It may inherit its parents territory
e. All of the above are reasons to become a helper
36. (29) In social insect colonies the queen is like the central nervous system.
a. True
b. False
37. (30) A moth can detect the direction of sound because:
a. Its tympanum is sensitive to the modular velocity of sound.
b. Its tympanum is sensitive to both long and short wavelengths.
c. It can’t, it can only detect the strength of sound.
d. Its “ears” are on opposite sides of its body.
38. (31) Which of the following is true about relatedness within a haplodiploid social insect colony
with a single, singly mated, queen?
a. Queens are related to their daughters by 50%.
b. Sisters are related to each other by 50%.
c. Sisters are related to brothers by 75%.
d. None of the above.
39. (32) Which of the following best answers the question, “How does an animal’s nervous system
orchestrate its behavior?”
a. By filtering out relevant sensory information to make decisions.
b. By processing relevant sensory information and using it to make decisions about what
action to take.
c. By processing all sensory information and responding based on “intuition”.
d. By integrating all environmental parameters into a single action potential that generates
all conceivable behavioral outputs.
40. (33) The “hot shots” hypothesis about lek mating in species posits that:
a. Group displays facilitate comparisons of males.
b. Groups display in areas with the greatest resource levels.
c. Group displays decrease predation risk.
d. Group displays increase the chance of promiscuity.
41. (34) How has gape coloration been shown to be adaptive in birds?
a. It can give information on species recognition.
b. It can be a signal of actual hunger.
c. It can be a “food guide” for parents.
d. A, B and C are all correct.
42. (36) Many birds produce more offspring that can be raised in any given year. Which of the following
is/are potential explanations for this phenomenon?
a. In good years they are capable of raising all of the young they produce.
b. They produce extra young in case some die of disease or are eaten by predators.
c. The extra young are always wasted energy and therefore non-adaptive
d. Only A and B are correct.
e. A, B, and C are all correct.
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43. (49) Using the above graph: The dotted line represents a female’s fitness if she pairs with a male that
is monogamous, while the solid line is her fitness if she pairs with a bigamous male. If A and B at the
bottom represent levels of territory quality for two males: A has no females on his territory yet; B
already has one female on his territory, but will accept more. Who should a female mate with to
maximize her fitness?
a. Male A
b. Male B
c. It doesn’t matter, they both yield equivalent fitness.
44. (50) What is the name of the model that describes the above graph?
a. The female gambit model.
b. The territory value model.
c. The polygyny threshold model.
d. The territory-quality/fitness tradeoff model.
45. (46) Which of the following is not an example of a sex determination system seen in animals?
a. Males are heterogametic sex (X/Y)
b. Females are heterogametic sex (Z/W)
c. Complimentary sex determination
d. Temperature dependent sex determination
e. All of the above occur in animals
46. (47) How can asynchronous hatching of offspring be beneficial for the parents?
a. It decreases siblicide.
b. It increases feeding efficiency.
c. It increases the amount of food in the environment.
d. All of the above are true.
47. (48) The “prisoner’s dilemma” (from the theory of the same name) is whether to cooperate with or
defect on his accomplice. If you are a prisoner in this model, what strategy gives you the greatest
reward?
a. Both you and your partner cooperate (i.e., you both give the coppers the silent treatment).
b. You cooperate with your partner while he defects on you (i.e., he squeals).
c. You defect on your partner while he cooperates with you (i.e., you rat him out).
d. Both you and your partner defect on each other (i.e., you both talk like canaries).
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48. (43) Which of the following is a true statement about the above graph?
a. Individuals only become helpers when the best territories are taken.
b. All birds were helpers by 1992.
c. No birds were living in the study site prior to 1990.
d. There are fewer medium than high quality territories.
49. (44) Which of the following is a true statement about the above graph?
a. No low quality territories exist at this site.
b. High quality territories were occupied first.
c. All high quality territories had helpers in 1993.
d. All territories had helpers in 1993.
50. (45) In an ant colony where there is a single, singly-mated queen, the queen and workers have
different theoretical optima of investment into male and female sexual offspring. Which of the
following represents the predicted worker and queen optima? (worker optima are listed first; sex
ratios are written as female:males)
a. 1:1, and 3:1
b. 2:1, and 1:1
c. 3:1, and 1:1
d. 1:1, and 1:1
Extra credit questions:
51. (51) Which of the following social interactions is ONLY thought to occur in human societies?
a. Cooperation
b. Reciprocal Altruism
c. Kin selection
d. Spiteful behavior
52. (52) What is the most interesting/surprising thing you learned in animal behavior class so far?
(write answer in the space below).
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