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How to create a landmark building 2512010220153 孔建洪 建筑与土木工程 A landmark building is referred to as a building which contains notable features in its architectural design, historical significance, culture sense and so on. In other words, it is quite easy to distinguish landmark buildings from other buildings. The most important characteristics of a landmark building are its durability, unique character and fame. There are a lot of landmark buildings existing in the past and present. Some of them are very famous all over the world. For example, the Palace Museum( the Forbidden City) in Beijing is the world’s largest royal palace. Pyramids are stone buildings with four triangular sloping sides in ancient Egypt, which are constructed to contain the bodies of their kings and queens. The Beijing National Stadium (Bird’s Nest), with a capacity of 80,000 and an impressive retractable roof, hosts sporting events, operas and ballet performances. The Burj Al Arab Hotel, which is a luxury hotel built on an artificial island in Dubai, is designed to resemble the sail of a dhow. The instantly recognizable, elegant shape of the building now becomes an symbolic statement for Dubai. In recent years, more and more citys have a passion to construct landmark buildings. Why do we need to construct so many landmark buildings? The reasons may vary from person to person, in my opinion, there are five reasons to be listed. First, a landmark buildings is an iconic or symbolic statement for a city. That is to say, it will enhance city’s visibility and promote city’s development of economy. Due to the rapid urbanization development, a new landmark will emerge to a certain extent. Nowadays, under the influence of globalization, the competition among cuontries is very severe. A landmark building will attract business opportunities and has appeal to qualified people . Second, landmark buildings will enhance our sense of belonging and pride. “Centennial Olympics- A Fulfilled Dream for China”. As the symbol of a rising Chinese nation, “Bird’s Nest” has now become a landmark for a modern China and a new Beijing as well as a must spot for tourists both at home and abroad. When foreigners express appreciation for the “Bird’s Nest” Stadium, we feel proud and excited. Third, landmark buildings are the center of people’s life. It can meet our demands such as commercial affairs, social gathering, entertainment and so on. Usually a hise-rise building consists of different portions, each of which has a designated function. The Jinmao Tower is located in Lujiazui metro station in Shanghai. The building has 3 main entrances to the lobby, two for the office portion and one for the hotel. Additionally, a 6-story podium at the tower base houses the Hyatt’s conference and banquet facilities as well as a shopping mall, restaurants and nightclubs. The 3-story basement has a food court, express elevators to the obserbation deck. The lower 50 floors are made up of 123,000 m² of offices, divided into 5 elevator zones. When we get into the Jinmao Tower, we will be impressed by its versatile functions. Fourth, a landmark building is likely to save more land resources compared to a normal building. The covered area of Shanghai Tower is 30,368 m², and its total floor area is 574,058 m². The ratio of total floor area to covered area is 18.9. However, the number of normal building is usually 1 to 3. So a landmark building will save considerably large land resources. Fifth, landmark buildings will improve the development of science and technology. Generally speaking, the structure of a landmark building is very complex. Before construct the building, engineers need to do a lot of tests in order to ensure that the building is safe enough. In the meanwhile, engineers are concerned with finding new construction materials and structural systems to reduce the cost and make the building more green and energy-efficient. The design of Shanghai Tower's glass facade is intended to reduce wind loads on the building by 24%. This reduces the amount of construction materials needed. The Shanghai tower used 25% less structural steel than a conventional design of a similar height. As a result, the building's constructors are expected to save an estimated $58 million in material costs. The double-layered insulating glass facade is intended to reduce the need for indoor air conditioning, and is composed of an advanced reinforced glass with a high tolerance for shifts in temperature. In addition, the building's heating and cooling systems will use geothermal energy sources. Landmark buildings do improve our life in many aspects, but how to create a landmark building? The probability of creating a landmark building is related to some factors such as the economic strength of a city or country, the design skill of high-rise buildings drived by culture and the structural engineering technology. On one hand, a landmark building is a symbolic statement for a city or country. On the other hand, it cost a lot to construct a landmark building. So the economic strength of a city or country should be an important factor. Moreover, a landmark building should reflect the culture of a city or country. If the design does not reflect the regional culture, then it will not be unique and turn out to be commonplace. Also the structural engineering technology is important. Withou a strong skelecon, a building can not support loads safely. These three factors determine whether a landmark building will be constructed or not. Let take some examples to further understand these three key factors in creating a landmark building. The Burj Al Arab Hotel is a luxury hotel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Today, Dubai has emerged as a cosmopolitan metropolis that has grown steadily to become a global city and a business and cultural hub of the Middle East and the Persian Gulf region..The city has become symbolic for its skyscapers and high-rise buildings, in addition to ambitious development projects including man-made islands, hotels, and some of the largest shopping malls in the region and the world. Dubai's gross domestic product as of 2011 was US $83.4 billion. Although Dubai's economy was built on the back of the oil industry, revenues from oil and natural gas currently account for less than 7% of the emirate's revenues. The government's decision to diversify from a trade-based, oil-reliant economy to one that is service and tourism-oriented made property more valuable, resulting in the property appreciation from 2004 to 2006. As of 2012, Dubai is the 22nd most expensive city in the world, and the most expensive city in the Middle East. According to the above information, the economic strength of Dubai is quite strong and it can afford the investment of creating the landamark building. Most importantly, Dubai invested the The Burj Al Arab Hotel in order to improve its economy. The Burj Al Arab Hotel was built to resemble the sail of a dhow, a type of Arabian vessel. Two "wings" spread in a V to form a vast "mast", while the space between them is enclosed in a massive atrium. Dubai wanted a building that would become an iconic or symbolic statement for it. This is very similar to Sydney with its Opera House, London with Big Ben, or Paris with the Eiffel Tower. The Burj Al Arab Hotel was just designed to become synonymous with the name of the country. Several features of the hotel required complex engineering feats to achieve. The hotel rests on an artificial island constructed 280 m offshore. To secure a foundation, the builders drove 230 forty-meter long concrete piles into the sand. Engineers created a ground/surface layer of large rocks, which is circled with a concrete honeycomb pattern, which serves to protect the foundation from erosion. It took three years to reclaim the land from the sea, while it took fewer than three years to construct the building itself. The building contains over 70,000 m3 of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel. Inside the building, the atrium is 180 m tall. Dubai has done a nice job and the Burj Al Arab Hotel is proved to be a unique building. The Oriental Pearl Radio & TV Tower (Chinese: 东方明珠塔) is a TV tower in Shanghai, China. Its location at the tip of Lujiazui in the Pudong district by the side of Huangpu River, opposite The Bund, makes it a distinct landmark in the area. Shanghai is the largest city by population in the People's Republic of China. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world. Shanghai ranks fifth in the 2011 edition of the Global Financial Centres Index published by the City of London. This is exemplified by the Pudong District, which became a pilot area for integrated economic reforms. In 2009, the Shanghai Stock Exchange ranked third among worldwide stock exchanges in terms of trading volume and sixth in terms of the total capitalization of listed companies. Since 1992 Shanghai has recorded double-digit growth almost every year except during the global recession of 2008 and 2009. In 2011, Shanghai's total GDP grew to 1.92 trillion yuan (US$297 billion) with GDP per capita of 82,560 yuan (US $12,784). There is no doubt that the economic strength of Shanghai is the strongest in China. Thus an increasing number of high-rise buildings are constructed or being constructed, some of which become symbolic statements for Shanghai.Those landmark buildings not only enhance the international fame of Shanghai, but also improve the financial and economic environment by bringing in talent and funds. Especially Pudong district is renowned for extensive and growing Lujiazui skyline. It has been described as the "showpiece" of the booming economy of mainland China. The design of the building is said to be based on a verse of the Tang Dynasty poem Pipa Song by Bai Juyi about the wonderful sprinkling sound of a pipa instrument, like pearls, big and small falling on a jade plate (大珠小珠落玉盘). To some degree the design reflects Chinese symbolism. The tower features 11 spheres, big and small. The two largest spheres, along the length of the tower, have diameters of 50 m for the lower and 45 m for the upper. They are linked by three columns, each 9 m in diameter. The highest sphere is 14 m in diameter. The entire tower is supported by three enormous columns that start underground. As we can see, with solid economic strength, excellent design skill drived by culture and enough structural engineering technologies, a landmark building will come into being. If we lack any one factor, it will turn out to be a failure. Without enough money, we are not able to afford the cost of constructing a landmark building. If the design do not reflect the culture of the country or the city, it will not win our admiration. When the structure of a landmark building is not reasonable and strong enough, it will not be safe during its lifetime. So the above three key factors is quite significant in erecting a landmark building. Now let us further research the probability of creating a landmark building by mathematical methods. Let us assume that the probability of creating a landmark building is P. Similarly, we assume that the economic strength of a city or country is x, the design skill of high-rise buildings drived by culture is y and the structural engineering technology is z. Then p is a function of x, y and z. We write it in the form p=f(x,y,z).Let take some examples to know further understand the function p=f(x,y,z). First we assume that the three factors x, y and z affect the P independently. That is to say, they are uncorrelated variables. We assume that x is measured by the urbanization ratio of a city, which reflect the economic strength of a city to a large extent. We use the number of the existing landmark buildings in a city to indicate the probability of creating a landmark building. Now we get a chart which showes the number of existing landmark buildings and the urbanization ratio of 2011 of different cities in China. city the number of existing landmark the urbanization ratio of buildings 2011 Shanghai 16 0.893 Beijing 15 0.7936 Guangzhou 12 0.84 Hongkong 20 0.99 Taiwan 13 0.85 Shenzhen 14 0.86 Chongqing 5 0.55 Tianjin 9 0.80 Hangzhou 7 0.72 Xi’an 4 0.50 Xiamen 6 0.60 Urumqi 3 0.30 Lhasa 2 0.20 Now we use the matlab to analyze the chart. First we draw the figure of the chart and we get a scatter diagram, in which n stands for the number of existing landmark buildings and u stands for the urbanization ratio of 2011. First we want to use a quadratic polynomial fitting to get a function. Then u1 stands for the variable from 0 to 1, and function f stands for the quadratic polynomial fitting we get before. clc;clear; u=[0.893 0.7936 0.84 0.99 0.85 0.86 0.55 0.80 0.72 0.50 0.60 0.30 0.20]; %urbanization ratio of different cities n=[16 15 12 20 13 14 5 9 7 4 6 3 2]; %number of existing landmark buildings of cities p=ployfit(x,y,2) p= 36.2676 -21.4627 5.4767 u1=linspace(0,1,100); f=36.2676*x.^2-21.4627*x+5.4767; plot(u,n,'o',u1,f,'b') However, we find the function curve does not fit very well. Because when the urbanization ratio is close to zero, the number of existing landmark buildings should equal to 0. So we replace the quadratic polynomial by quartic polynomial. There are some dots outside the curve because of accidental deviation. clc;clear; u=[0.893 0.7936 0.84 0.99 0.85 0.86 0.55 0.80 0.72 0.50 0.60 0.30 0.20]; n=[16 15 12 20 13 14 5 9 7 4 6 3 2]; p=ployfit(x,y,4) p= -101.0985 276.2216 -226.6017 78.9090 -6.8151 u1=linspace(0,1,100); g=-101.0985*x.^4+276.2216*x.^3-226.6017*x.^2+78.9090*x-6.8151 plot(u,n,'o',u1,g,'b') Now we find that the function curve fit well. When the urbanization ratio is close to zero, the number of existing landmark buildings is close to zero.