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Transcript
Observing the Solar System Chapter 14.1 [p. 538] Early Ideas of the Solar System • The Greeks thought that they were inside a rotating dome they called the celestial sphere. • The Greeks also thought that the universe was perfect and unchangeable. • Earth is stationary; the Greeks thought we are in a geocentric system: – The Earth is at the center of the revolving planets. Early Ideas Cont. • In 140 A.D. Ptolemy – theorized that the planets moved on little circles that move on bigger circles, this explained why the planets moved at different speeds. – Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the planets was widely held for nearly 1,500 years after his death Early Ideas Cont. 1500’s: Nicolaus Copernicus – 1543, Copernicus came up with a theory that would revolutionize the science of astronomy … “The Copernican Revolution” – In a heliocentric system the sun is at the center and the planets revolve around the sun. Early Ideas Cont. • 1600s: Galileo – Galileo was the1st scientist to use a telescope to look at objects in the sky. – Galileo made 2 discoveries that supported the heliocentric theory: • Venus goes through phases similar to Earth’s moon. These phases could not be explained if Earth was the center of the system. • Jupiter’s moons revolved around Jupiter. Therefore not everything in the sky revolved around Earth. Early Ideas Cont. • Late 1500s - 1600s – Tycho Brahe • Observed the positions of the planets for 20 yrs. – Johannes Kepler • Kepler analyzed Brahe’s data to determine the shape of the orbits. • He discovered the orbits are elliptical in shape. Kepler’s Three Laws • First Law: Planets move in ellipses, not circles Kepler’s Three Laws • Second Law: A planet moves faster when closer to the sun, slower when away Kepler’s Three Laws • Third Law: Planets closer to the sun move faster than planet’s farther from the sun Early Ideas Cont. • 1665:Newton: – Newton stated that two factors keep the planets in orbit: • Inertia and gravity – Gravity: attracts all objects toward each other • The strength of gravity depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them. – Inertia: The tendency of a moving object to continue in a straight line or a stationary object to remain in place • The more mass and object has, the more inertia it has. Components of our Solar System • • • • • • • • • Planets Stars Comets Asteroids Satellites Space Trash Dark Matter Particles (Dust) Electromagnetic radiation (Photons) Planets • There are 8 planets: Gas Giants – – – – – – – – – Mercury Venus Terrestrial Planets Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus (YOOR uh nus) Neptune Pluto Astronomical Unit • 1 AU (astronomical unit) = the Earth’s average distance from the sun (about 150 million kilometers or about 93 million miles) How We Look Into Space! • We can see far into space with the help of telescopes, satellites and spectroscopes. • There are many types of telescopes, most of which collect and focus electromagnetic radiation, including visible light. Telescopes • Visible Light Telescopes: – Reflecting Telescope: • 1668 Isaac Newton built this type of telescope. • Used a mirror instead of an objective lens. • Focuses a large amount of light onto a small area. – Refracting Telescope: • 1609 Galileo used this type of telescope to look into space. • Uses a convex lens to gather large amount of light and focus in onto a small area. Telescopes Cont. • Radio Telescopes: – Used to detect radio waves from objects in space. – Have curved surfaces, up to 305m in diameter – Surfaces concentrate faint radio waves from space onto small antennas like those on radios. – The larger the telescope is, the more radio waves it can collect. Telescopes • Infrared Telescopes: – Detect longer wavelengths than visible light • A building that contains 1 or more telescopes is called an observatory. Telescopes • 1897: Yerkes Telescope – 1m in diameter – Largest refracting telescope ever built – The lens is so large, it can collect more light than any other refracting telescope • 1931: Karl Jansky – Accidentally discovered radio astronomy – Tried to figure out what static was interfering with radio communications. The static was coming from objects in space! Telescopes • 1963: Arecibo radio telescope – Built in a natural bowl in the ground – It is 305m in diameter – Located in Puerto Rico • 1980: The Very Large Array – 27 radio telescopes in New Mexico – They can be moved close together or far apart – They are linked together, so they can be used individually or as one giant telescope 25km in diameter. Telescopes • 1996: Keck Telescopes – 2 of the largest reflecting telescopes – Located in Hawaii – Each telescope is made of 36 smaller mirrors joined together to make one 10m curved mirror. Satellites • Most UV radiation, X-rays, & gamma rays are blocked by the Earth’s atmosphere. • In order to detect these wavelengths, astronomers have placed telescopes on satellites and launched them into space. Satellites • 1990: Hubble Space Telescope – HAPPY BIRTHDAY HUBBLE!!!!!!! – Launched April 24, 1990 – Can see objects in space more clearly than any other telescope. Large Ant Nebula Homework • Read Section One of Chapter 14 • Do the questions at the end of the section, page 544 1a,b,c,d; 2a,b,c; 3a,b,c