Download Ch. 24 Student Notes - Merrillville Community School

Chapter 24
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS
What are STDs?
 ___________________________ – infections spread from person to person through sexual contact
 also know as sexually transmitted ______________________ (STIs)
 communicable diseases spread through engaging in ______________activity that involves direct
genital contact or the exchange of ___________or other body fluids with someone infected with an
STD
 ________________ STDs can be cured with medication
 viral STDs are ____________________
 early _________________ and __________________ are crucial for controlling or curing as STD
 several of the most common are ___________________ – individuals show no symptoms, or the
symptoms are mild and disappear after the onset of the infection
 a person with an undiagnosed STD may _____________________ pass it on to partner(s)
 risk of contracting an STD _________________ with the number of sexual partners increases
 approximately ________________ people between 15-24 yrs. old will become infected with a STD
each year
 _______________ more likely to suffer complications from STDs and the effects are more serious
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates direct medical costs linked to STDs are
more than _____________________ a year
 approximately _______ different STDs worldwide
Common STDs
 Genital HPV Infections
- caused by _______________________ (HPV)
- HPV: a group of more than _________kinds of viruses, _______ of which are transmitted
through sexual contact
- close to ________________ people in U.S. infected each year
- can cause _________________ (bumps or growths on or near genitals)
- most infections are _________________ and will disappear without medical treatment
- some infections if not diagnosed and treated, may cause abnormal ________ tests or result
in certain types of _______________
- vaccine treatment for ________________ is available, but it is not a cure

Chlamydia
- ________________ infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and females
- about ________________ new cases each year
- affects young females ___________times more often than males
- less than half of cases are ______________
- often asymptomatic
- most common STD among _______________
- if left untreated if females  _____________________________ (PID), chronic pelvic pain,
_____________________
- if left untreated in males it can lead to ________________
-
infected pregnant females can deliver __________________, infants may develop eye
disease, ________________, or fatal complications
infected females are 5 times more likely to become infected with _______ if exposed to virus

Genital Herpes
- caused by the ___________________ virus
- herpes simplex _____ usually causes cold sores in or near mouth
- herpes simplex _____typically causes genital sores
- both types can infect mouth and genitals
- _________________ people ages 12 and up, in the U.S., have genital herpes
- often asymptomatic
- if symptomatic, first outbreak usually appears as ____________ on genitals or rectum within
________________ of virus being transmitted
- blisters break, leaving ________ that can take several weeks to heal
- future outbreaks are usually shorter and less severe, but can occur on and off for _________
- antiviral treatments can ____________ frequency of outbreaks, but there is ________ CURE

Gonorrhea
- _______________ infection that usually affects mucous membranes
- ___________most commonly reported infectious disease in the U.S.
- an estimated 700,000+ Americans are infected each year  only half of these are
______________
- males symptoms are often _________________, female symptoms are usually mild
- if untreated, can lead to ______________, spread to bloodstream and cause permanent
____________damage, females can pass it on to offspring during childbirth causing eye
infections that lead to __________________

Trichomoniasis
- caused by a microscopic ______________that results in infections of the vagina, urethra,
and bladder
- about _______________ new cases every year in U.S.
- may not produce symptoms, some males have a temporary irritation inside __________,
mild discharge, or slight burning during and after ________________ or ejaculation
- females often experience ______________(inflammation of vagina with discharge, odor,
irritation and itching); also more likely to contract HIV if exposed
- babies born to infected mothers are often premature and have low birth weights

Syphilis
- infection caused by a small bacterium called a ________________
- attacks many parts of the body
- sores develop in genital area that last several weeks
- passed through direct contact with the _____________ during sexual activity
- 3 stage of syphilis:
 primary stage:
 sore appears on external genitals or vagina
 can be easily ______________at this stage
 without treatment - sores heal, infection still ______________
 2nd stage:
 skin rash

 untreated rash will disappear, but infection remains
3rd stage:
 can damage internal organs, cause brain dementia and may cause
__________
The STD Epidemic
 each year an estimated ______________ people in the U.S. are infected with an STD
 ___________ are under age 24
 many STDs go undiagnosed and untreated because of:
o __________________________________
o __________________________________
o __________________________________
 state law requires health care providers to report certain STDs
 people who contracted HPV infections or genital herpes are not required to report
their infections or inform any partners of their condition
Prevention Through Abstinence
 ______________infections can be treated with ________________ – a class of chemical agents that
destroy disease-causing micro-organisms while leaving the patient unharmed
 viral infections are ________________
 any STDs that are not diagnosed early and treated can result in serious ________________or longterm health consequences
 only method 100% successful in preventing the contraction and spread of STDs is _______________
 to protect your health and committed to abstinence:
o set personal limits on physical affection
o __________________________________________________________________________
o avoid situations where you may feel pressured to engage in sexual activity
o ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
o choose group outings where you can enjoy the company of friends and avoid pressure to
engage in sexual activity
o ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
o practice refusal skills – use words and body language to resist the pressure to engage in
sexual activity
Avoiding High-Risk Behaviors and STDS
 being sexually active with more than one person
 engaging in _________________sex
- even protected sex is not __________ effective in preventing the transmission
 engaging in sexual activity with ______________ partners
- those with a history of being sexually active with more than one person
- injected illegal drug users
- a person’s _____________ about their past behavior is not wise
 using alcohol and other drugs
- lowers ___________________
HPV Vaccine
- vaccine that can prevent ______________cancer, pre-cancerous genital lesions (or sores), and
genital warts caused by genital HPV infection
- protects against __________types of HPV infections
- recommended for females ______________ years old
- studies are being done to learn its benefits for males
- ________vaccines available for any other type of STD
Diagnosing and Treating STDs
- if you believe you may be infected, talk to a health care ______________________
- many public health clinics provide information and treatment ___________ of charge
- STDs _____________ be cured with common household products, homemade remedies, or overthe-counter treatments
- taking medications prescribed to others is always ______________
- report any known infections for help to locate past partners
- it is the __________________ of any person infected with an STD to notify everyone with whom he
or she has had sexual contact…it could save a life
What is HIV/AIDS
- Human _________________________ virus (HIV)
- virus that attacks the _______________system
- finds and destroys all ___________ blood cells that fight _______________
- final stage = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): disease in which the immune system is
weakened
- one of the deadliest diseases in human history
- 25 _____________ worldwide died as a result of this disease, _______________ Americans
- an estimated 40 million worldwide currently have this disease
- approximately 12 million of the people who have HIV/AIDS are in the _____________ age group
- every ____________about 7,000 young people become infected
- considered a ________________(a global outbreak of infectious disease)
- many of the young people infected do not ______________ it
Understanding HIV/AIDS
- HIV cannot live ______________the human body
- exposure to air at room temperature ___________the virus
- cannot be spread through _______________ transmission, casual contact or insect bites
- virus has been found in sweat, tears and saliva but amount is too ___________to be dangerous
- transmitted among humans when one person’s infected ____________, ____________, or
________________secretions comes in contact with another person’s broken skin or mucous
membranes (found in the mouth, eyes, nose, vagina, rectum and opening of the penis)
- HIV is spread in three ways:
 _________________________________________
o enters ____________________ through microscopic openings in tissues of the
vagina, anus, mount, or opening of penis
o people infected with other STDs are more vulnerable to HIV infection because
STDs cause changes in certain membranes
 _________________________________________
o virus enters directly into bloodstream
o drug use, body piercing and tattoo needles can be contaminated

_____________________________________
o can pass to unborn baby through ___________________________
o expectant mothers can take medication that might prevent her child from
contracting HIV
o during childbirth, doctors work to prevent child from coming in contact with
mother’s __________________
o infected mother should not _______________her baby
o number of infected infants has declined in U.S. since pregnant mothers are
routinely _________________ for HIV
How HIV/AIDS Affects the Immune System
- attacks body’s immune system by destroying __________________(specialized white blood cells
that perform many immune functions, such as fighting pathogens)
- 2 types of lymphocytes: _____cells and _____cells
- Helper T cells stimulate B cells to produce ______________, which help destroy pathogens that
enter the body
- HIV enters certain cells, including lymphocytes, ___________________itself and eventually destroys
the cell
- immune system becomes weaker as more and more cells are destroyed → body becomes
vulnerable to AIDS-_________________________ (infections that body could fight off it the
immune system were healthy)
Stages of HIV Infection
 _______________________ stage
- can last for _______ years or more
- virus largely confined to lymph nodes, where it invades and takes over
________________________
- no _________________ signs of infection
 Middle stage
- occurs in about ______________ of infected patients
- experience fever, _______________, sore throat, rash, diarrhea, and enlarged lymph
nodes
 _______________________stage
- Helper T cells fall to 200 to 400 per milliliter of blood
- __________________ symptoms: headache, fever, body aches, swollen, glands,
diminished appetite, weight loss, skin rashes
 AIDS stage
- Helper T cells drop to less than _______________
- one or more ___________________________ are present
Giving or Receiving Blood
- in U.S., health care professionals always use ________________ needles to draw blood
- all donated blood has been tested for HIV since _____________
- U.S. blood supply is among the _______________ in the world
Preventing HIV/AIDS
- more than _____________________ Americans estimated to be living with HIV
- ______________ infected each year
- ______________ new cases young people between the ages of 13 and 24
- being _______________ active and/or an intravenous drug user increases your risk of contracting it
- cannot tell if a person is infected just by looking at them
- many ________________ that they are HIV-positive can unknowingly spread the virus to others
- behaviors that will help protect you from infection:
 ________________________________________
 ________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 ______________________________ when you feel pressured to engage in risky behaviors
Diagnosing HIV/AIDS
- if you believe you have been exposed – get tested…everyone who is sexually active should be tested
regularly
- testing available in a doctor’s office, local health department or hospital and sites that specialize in
HIV testing
- some health departments will do the test for ____________
- a ______________sample or an __________ specimen from between the inside of the cheek and
gum is collected and sent to a laboratory for analysis
- results usually known within _____ weeks
Types of Laboratory HIV Tests
- samples are screened for HIV _________________
- a person’s body does not ________________ have HIV antibodies→ produced only in presence of
an infection
- most common tests:
 _______________ (enzyme immunoassay)
o first test usually run
o test that screens for the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood
o if results are _______________ → HIV antibodies present → EIA is repeated
o 2nd test positive → Western blot test is run
o both tests more than __________ accurate
 ____________________
o test that detects HIV antibodies and confirms the results of earlier EIA tests
o used only after EIA tests produce positive results
o if results of 2 EIA tests and the Western blot tests are all positive, a person is
diagnosed with __________________
o combined tests are expensive
o many health departments and HIV/AIDS information and counseling centers will pay
o for the costs of these test
*Additional tests:
 _____________
o viral load test
o shows how many copies of the virus are circulating in the blood
 ____________
o looks at number of white blood cells in a sample of blood
 __________________
o HIV test that produces results in only 20 minutes
o used in situations where the infected person might ________________ to learn
results
o blood sample immediately analyzed on site
Home Testing Kits
- marketed on Internet, newspapers and magazines
- most are not _________________
- make sure test is approved by the ___________
- FDA approved tests requires providing a spot of dried __________, which is then mailed to an
approved lab for analysis
- results __________ accurate and available within 2 weeks
- appropriate counseling and referrals provided with results
Benefits of Early Diagnosis
 begin proper medical care early to ___________ the progress of the virus
 avoid behaviors that could ____________ HIV to others
 gain peace of mind when the results are negative
Treating HIV/AIDS
 medications slow the growth of HIV/AIDS, but there is ______ cure
 many drugs used to treat opportunistic infections (pneumonia and some types of cancers)
 the combination of drugs used know as __________________________________________ (HAART)
 in 2006, FDA approved a once-daily, single-pill treatment for HIV/AIDS