Download Name: Period: ____ Competency 3d – DOK 2 Describe heredity as

Name: ____________________________________
Competency
3d – DOK 2
Period: ____
Describe heredity as the passage of instructions from one generation to another
and recognize that hereditary information is contained in genes, located in the
chromosomes of each cell.
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8
8th Grade –
I can use a pedigree and Punnett Squares to determine an offspring’s traits.
Lesson 9.8
Unit 9 – MST Review: Pedigrees
Quick Review: Biomes
Match the biome below with its description.
Desert
Cold, dry, and treeless. Plants that grow low to the ground.
Extremely dry, often very hot, large temperature variation. Plants that
Grassland
can store water or live with little water.
Temperate
Cold winters and cool summers. Populated by mostly evergreen trees.
Decidiuous Forest
Temperatre or tropical regions that get limited preciptiation.
Coniferous Forest
Populated mostly by grasses and other nonwoody plants.
Found different seasons with wide temperature ranges. Populated
Tundra
mostly by trees that lose their leaves in fall.
Key Points on Pedigrees:
1. A diagram that shows how the alleles of a gene have been passed down in a family from parents to
offspring = pedigree
2. Pedigrees can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype of the offspring.
a. To make a prediction of the offspring’s phenotype, you must be told if the trait is dominant or
recessive. If this is not given, you CANNOT make a prediction.
3. Symbols
a. Squares = male; circles = female
b. If a shape is shaded, then the organism has the trait being
studied. The trait is usually given in the title above the
pedigree.
4. To make a prediction, find the parents of the offspring and
determine their genotype. Create a Punnett Square using these
parents’ genotypes and determine the offspring’s chance of
having a certain genotype or phenotype.
5. Pedigrees CANNOT be used to predict the sex of an offspring.
There is always a 50% chance of an offspring being a male and
50% chance of it being female.
6. If an organism is heterozygous, it is sometimes referred to as a
carrier. This is especially true if the recessive allele would cause a
disease as their offspring could have the disease though they do
not have it.
Pedigree of Brown Fur
in Rabbit Family
Name: ____________________________________
Pedigrees: Independent Practice
1. How many males are in this family?
Period: ____
Family Pedigree Showing
Huntington’s Disease
2. How many females are in this family?
3. How many members of the family have the disease?
4. How many members of the family are unaffected?
5. What is the genotype of individual 5 in the second generation?
6. What is the chance that the offspring produced by the mating of
individuals 4 and 5 will have Huntington’s Disease? You must show
your Punnett Square.
7. What are the two possible symbols could be added in place of the question marks?
8. If individual 3 mates with an unaffected female (ee), what is the chance that their offspring will have
Huntington’s Disease? You must show your Punnett Square.
Name: ____________________________________
Competency
43 – DOK 2
Period: ____
Explain how the tilt of Earth’s axis and the position of the Earth in relation to the
sun determine climatic zones, seasons, and length of the days.
8th Grade –
I can describe how the tilt of the Earth’s axis causes different seasons and affects
Lesson 9.4
the length of day and night.
Unit 9 – MST Review: Seasons
Quick Review of Chemistry
The following equation shows a chemical process in living things. Use it to answer questions 1 – 3.
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
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1. Products = C6H12O6 and 6O2
2. Name of the reaction = photosynthesis
3. Purpose of this reaction = produce food in plants
The following chemical equation shows the incomplete formula for burning methanol. The question mark
represents the unknown number of oxygen (O2) molecules.
2CH3OH + ?O2  2CO2 + 4H2O
4. How many molecules of O2 are needed to balance this chemical equation = 2
Points on Seasons:
7. As the Earth revolves around the sun the tilt of the Earth’s axis points different parts of the Earth toward
or away from the sun = causing seasons.
a. If the Earth’s axis was not tilted, there would be no seasons.
8. If a hemisphere is pointed toward the sun, it gets more direct sunlight = summer
a. It is NOT because that part of the Earth is closer to the sun!!
b. The days are longer than the nights. The summer solstice is the longest day of the year and
considered the start of summer.
9. If a hemisphere is pointed away from the sun, it gets less direct sunlight = winter
a. It is NOT because that part of the Earth is farther away from the sun!!
b. The days are shorter than the nights. The winter solstice is the longest night of the year and
considered the start of winter.
10. If neither hemisphere is pointed toward or away from the sun = fall or spring
a. Days and nights are of almost equal lengths. The spring and fall equinoxes have days of exactly
the same length and are the start of spring and fall.
Name: ____________________________________
Period: ____
Seasons: Guided Practice
1. Use the first image on the front of this sheet. What season is it in the Northern Hemisphere?
2. Use the second image on the front of this sheet. What season is it in the Southern Hemisphere?
3. Draw the position of Earth in relation to the sun when the Earth has days
and nights of the same length.
Seasons: Independent Practice
1. Key Point #1: What is the Earth’s axis?
2. Key Point #2: Describe the position of Earth’s axis? Is it vertical?
3. Key Point #3: What causes the Earth’s seasons?
4. Key Point #3: What would happen if the Earth’s axis was not tilted?
5. The Northern Hemisphere is pointed toward the sun, what season is it in the Southern Hemisphere?
6. What season is it if neither hemisphere is titled toward the sun?
Use the diagram at the right to answer the following questions.
7. Which hemisphere is pointed toward the Sun?
8. What season is it in the Southern Hemisphere?
9. What season is it in the Northern Hemisphere?
10. Draw a star on the diagram to show where Earth would be
when it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
Competency
4g – DOK 3
Justify the importance of continued research and use of new technology in the
development and commercialization of potentially useful natural products,
including, but not limited to research efforts in Mississippi.
8th Grade –
I can justify the importance of research and development of natural products.
Lesson 9.3
Unit 9 – MST Review: Natural Products
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Name: ____________________________________
Period: ____
Use the paragraph and graph shown to answer the questions below.
Julie is doing an experiment to find out how much water is in
different kinds of food. Below is the graph that Julie made with her
data.
1.) What does this graph show?
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
Which food had the highest percent of water?
Which food had the lowest percent of water?
What was the percent of water found in the peach?
What was the percent of water found in the bread?
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
Natural Products: Guided Practice
1. Scientists are researching the use of natural products in
technologies. Which of these is a justifiable reason supporting this
research?
A. Using natural substances makes stronger products.
B. Using natural substances reduces the cost of manufacturing.
C. Using natural substances replaces the need for renewable energy sources.
D. Using natural substances reduces the amount of waste that cannot decompose in landfills.
2. The raising of catfish is a major industry in Mississippi. Catfish farmers in Mississippi want scientists to research
diseases affecting catfish. The following list describes the farmers’ reasons for wanting catfish diseases
researched:
1) Understanding catfish diseases may lead to preventing these diseases.
2) Researching catfish diseases may help prevent diseases in other fish.
3) Curing catfish diseases may allow catfish farmers to raise more, healthier fish.
4) Studying catfish diseases may create catfish medications that the farmers could sell to earn a profit.
Which reasons from the list are logical justifications for researching catfish diseases?
A. 1 and 4 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1, 2, and 3 only
D. 2, 3, and 4 only
Natural Products: Independent Practice
1. Some plants make chemicals that cause insects to avoid eating any portion of the plant. Scientists want to
research these plants. Which statement is a logical justification for researching these plants?
A. This research may lead to understanding why insects are attracted to plants.
B. Studying these plants may allow scientists to understand how to grow larger crops.
C. Studying these plants may lead to the development of products that will remove insects from plant
environments.
D. This research may allow for the development of products that will repel insects naturally and not harm
the environment.
2. When plant tissues are damaged, bacteria and other microorganisms can invade the plant. Scientists are
studying plants that produce chemicals to fight these bacterial infections. The plants they are studying do
not have any agricultural use. Which statement logically supports continuing this research?
A. The research could lead to the discovery of how to prevent damage to plant tissue.
B. The research could lead to the discovery of new chemicals that are useful for controlling weeds.
C. The chemical compounds could be useful as antibiotics for bacteria that invade other organisms.
D. The chemical compounds discovered by the researchers could be added to the list of known
chemicals.
Name: ____________________________________
Period: ____
3. Synthetic fibers are used to make fabric, such as polyester. These fibers tend to last longer than cotton
fibers. To address this, researchers are investigating cotton fibers that are more resistant to wear. Which of
these is a logical justification for using cotton fibers in fabric instead of synthetic fibers?
A. Cotton is a renewable resource, but the materials used to make polyester are not.
B. Cotton fabric is better than polyester fabric because it has been used for a longer time.
C. Increasing the use of cotton will reduce the cost of producing it, making it a less expensive fabric than
polyester.
D. Clothes made of cotton fabric take up less room in a box, making them easier to ship than clothes
made of polyester fabric.
4. Scientists want to create citrus trees that are tolerant of cold weather. Currently, if the fruit from a citrus tree
has not been picked and a freeze occurs, the fruit is damaged and cannot be sold. The scientists are
studying how to alter the tree’s cells so that they are not damaged by the freezing temperatures. Which of
these is a logical reason for continuing this research?
A. Plants that can tolerate the cold would be less likely to become infected by fungi.
B. Plants that can tolerate the cold could allow citrus trees to grow in colder climates.
C. The research could make it easier to preserve the picked fruit during storage and shipping.
D. The research could help scientists alter human cells so that human skin is not damaged by frostbite.
5. Scientists at a research center are studying plants that have a natural resistance to insects. Which of these is
a logical justification for continuing this research?
A. Insect-resistant plants grow faster than plants that are not insect resistant, making larger-producing
crops.
B. Studying the genes of insect-resistant plants could help in the development of crops resistant to insects.
C. Finding these genes could help lead to finding the genes that allow a plant to survive with little water.
D. The research could lead to development of new kinds of food crops with different nutrients.
6. Scientists working in agricultural technology are researching naturally occurring chemicals that attract
insects. Which of these describes a commercially beneficial use for this research?
A. To get insects to consume excess agricultural products
B. To find ways to lure agricultural pests away from crops
C. To trap certain kinds of insects so that they can be studied
D. To ensure that birds in various areas have enough insects to eat