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INTERPHASE
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MITOSIS (2n  2n)
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PROPHASE
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METAPHASE
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ANAPHASE
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TELOPHASE
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CYTOKINESIS
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How many daughter cells in the end? _______
How many chromosomes in each cell? (Started with 46) ___________
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Reproduction and Development
 The continuity of life is maintained through the processes of reproduction and development.
 Reproduction is the life process which living things produce other living things of the same species.
 Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and results in large numbers of genetically identical offspring.
 Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the offspring are genetically different from the parents (a
combination of the parental traits).
Cell Reproduction
 To understand how the continuity of life is sustained from generation to generation, and how genetic traits
are passed from parent to offspring, we must understand how individual cells are reproduced.
 The process by which cells reproduce is cell division – a complex series of changes in the nucleus of a cell
that leads to the production of new cells.
 There are two forms of cell division – Mitosis and Meiosis.
Mitosis
 All the cells of the body (except the sex cells) are produced by mitotic division.
 Mitosis involves a complex series of changes in the nuclei of the body cells (also called somatic cells) that
produce daughter cells with exactly the same number and type of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
 Although mitosis is an ongoing process, it can be divided into stages that make the process easier to study.
Distinct changes to the nucleus occur in each of these stages.
 The stages of mitosis are: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase,
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Anaphase and Telophase.
 Interphase is the period between cell divisions when the cell is performing its normal activities within the
body.
 During interphase, the cell prepares for cell division by making a copy of each chromosome by the process
the replication.
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 Replication makes an exact copy of the DNA code, resulting in chromosomes which are double stranded
with each strand carrying identical genetic material.
 Now the chromosomes have been copied (resulting in the 23 pairs in humans), the cell is prepared to begin
the process of dividing this material equally and splitting into two new cells by mitosis.
 Sometimes mitotic cell division gets out of control, and can occur when cells are exposed to certain
chemicals or radiation that can increase the rate of mutation.
 Cancer is a group of diseases that are often characterized by the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells,
resulting in tumors
Meiosis
 Meiosis takes place when sex cells, also called gametes, are produced in the sex organs of the organism.
 A complex series of changes in the cell form sex cell nuclei that have one half the number of chromosomes
(23) of the body cells (46).
 This process involves two cell divisions and results in the production of 4 new daughter cells, either sperm or
egg.
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 When the gametes (sperm and egg) of two individuals unite during fertilization, the species normal
chromosome number is restored.
 The newly formed cell, called a zygote, will now begin dividing by mitosis to form the 100 trillion cells
found in adult humans.
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
 Mitosis is the form a cell division that accounts for the growth and replacement of cells in multicellular
organisms.
 Mitotic cell division can be said to be asexual reproduction because the new cells are identical to the parent
cell and each other.
 Mitosis achieves this goal through a series of stages and one division.
 Meiosis requires two cell divisions and occurs only during the formation of sex cells.
 This process is part of sexual reproduction.
 Four daughter cells are formed and each sperm or egg contains half the number of chromosomes as the
parent cell.
 Complete the chart below for a summary of these processes.
Characteristic
Number of
daughter cells
Mitosis
Meiosis
Name: _________________________________
Number of cell
divisions
Chromosome # of
daughter cells
Type of
reproduction
Compare parent to
daughter cell
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