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CHAPTER 24 24.1 STUDENT NOTES How Do Nerve Cells Work? (Figure 24-1) A. The Functions of a ____________ Are Localized in _____________ Parts of the Cell 1. ______________ respond to stimuli 2. The cell body processes signals from the _______________ 3. ____________ conduct action potentials long distances 4. At ____________, signals are transmitted from one cell to another 24.2 How Do Nerve Cells Produce and Transmit Signals? A. Electrical Signals Convey ________________ within a ___________ Neuron (Figure 24-2) B. _____________________ Chemicals Allow Neurons to Communicate with One Another at ______________ (Figure 24-3) 1. ______________ and ______________ potentials are produced at synapses 2. Neurotransmitter action is usually _________ C. The Nervous System Uses Many _____________________ (Table 24-1) 24.3 How Do Nervous Systems Process Information? A. Information Processing in the _______________ System Requires Four Basic Operations 1. The nature of a stimulus is determined by _______________ between the ______________ and the _____________ 2. The intensity of a stimulus is coded by the frequency of ____________ ____________ (Figure 24-4) 3. The nervous system processes _________________ from many sources 4. The nervous system produces outputs to _____________ and ___________ 24.4 How Are Nervous Systems Organized? A. Complex Nervous Systems Are ______________ (Figure 24-5) 24.5 What Is the Structure of the Human Nervous System? (Figure 24-6) A. The __________________ _____________ System Links the Central Nervous System to the Rest of the Body 1. The somatic nervous system controls ________________ movement 2. The _______________ nervous system controls involuntary actions (Figure 24-7) B. The Central Nervous System Consists of the __________ ________ and the __________. C. The __________ ___________Controls Many Reflexes and Conducts Information to and from the Brain (Figure 24-8) 1. Reflex pathways include __________ in the spinal cord (Figure 24-9) 2. Some complex actions are coordinated by the spinal cord D. The ____________Consists of Many Parts Specialized for Specific Functions (Figure 24-10) 1. The _____________ controls breathing, sleep, and movement (Figure 2411) 2. The midbrain filters ____________ 3. The forebrain gives us our ___________, ___________, and ______________ (Figure 24-12) 24.6 How Does the Brain Produce the Mind? A. The “Left Brain” and “Right Brain” Are Specialized for Different Functions (Figure 24-13) B. _____________ and ____________ Involve _______________ and _____________ Changes in Specific Parts of the Brain 1. _____________ may be brief or long lasting 2. The _____________ _________ are important for memory C. Discrete Areas of the Brain Perform Specific Functions (Figure 24-14) 24.7 How Does the Nervous System Sense the Environment? (Table 24-2) A. ___________________ Respond to Physical __________________ or Movement (Figure 24-15) B. The Perception of _____________ Is a Specialized Type of Mechanoreception 1. The ear converts ___________ __________ to ____________ signals (Figure 24-16) 2. Sound is converted into electrical signals in the ___________ (Figure 24-17) C. __________________ Perceives the World of Light 1. The ________________ eye collects and focuses light, converting it into electrical signals (Figure 24-18) 2. The _________ focuses light from distant and nearby objects on the _________ (Figures 24-19) 3. The retina detects ___________ and produces action ______________ in the _____________ nerve (Figure 24-20) 4. _________ and __________ differ in distribution and light sensitivity D. ___________________Detect Chemicals in the Internal or External Environment 1. Olfactory receptors detect _____________ ____________ (Figure 24-23) 2. ____________ receptors detect chemicals that contact the _________ (Figure 24-24)