Download Evidence for Evolution

Bio 9D: Thursday, 4.28.11
Title: Evidence for Evolution
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Homework:
 None
Silent Do Now: (in NB w/ title and date)
As you know, different organisms are related to each other
through evolutionary history – this means that they share a
common ancestor.
 What are some species that you think are close evolutionary
relatives of humans? What are some more distant evolutionary
relatives of humans?
Today’s Objectives:
 Explain the 3 types of homologies and use them as evidence to
build evolutionary trees.
Evolution Dry Lab Part A
Part A Computer Lab
All in the Family: Which Animals are the Closest Relatives?
Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/family/index.html
The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…
Examine and understand the evidence for evolution
 Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build
phylogenetic trees
 Part A focuses on using the three different types of homologies
as evidence for evolutionary relationships
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Objectives for Class:
• Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
What is the evidence that all species on earth are related
to each other and share common ancestors?
Overview:
3 Major Types of Evidence:
1.
Homologous Structures
a) Anatomical homologies and vestigial structures
b) Embryological/ Developmental
c) Molecular/Genetic
2.
Fossils
3.
Geographic Distribution of Species
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES –
Similar structures due to sharing a common ancestor that
had those structures
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Anatomical Homology – similar
body parts or bone structures
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Don’t necessarily have the same function now, but did in
the common ancestor
Ex: human arm, cat leg, whale flipper, bat wing all have
same bones
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Anatomical Homology, continued:
Vestigial Traits  Don’t
have a function now, but
suggest that they descended from an
ancestor that did use them.
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Examples:

www.toptenz.net
human tailbone, human goose bumps,
ostrich wings
Ex: human tail bone, human goose
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
animal.nationalgeographic.com
Embryological/Developmental Homology
Similar characteristics appearing during specific embryonic/
developmental stages of development
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Examples:
 fish, reptile, bird, and human embryos all have gill slits and a tail (but some
lose these features before birth)
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Molecular/Genetic Homology
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Similarities between DNA or amino acid sequences
for different organisms
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Closer the similarities = Closer relationships
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Don’t confuse Homologous Structures
with Analogous Structures
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Analogous Structures
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structures that have the same function but NOT the same skeletal structure
This suggests these organisms did NOT descend from a common ancestor
with that trait
Ex: insect wing and bird wing
Bird wing
Insect wing
bio.miami.edu
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Notes stop here.
Evolution 3-Part Investigation Dry Lab
Key Questions:
1.
What is the evidence that one species
can branch into two?
2.
What is the evidence that multiple
species are evolutionarily related?
Objectives for Class:
• Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships
Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things
Time -------------------------------------------------------------------->present
Nodes indicate most recent common ancestor of two branches
Bio 9A: Monday, 5.3.10
Title: Evidence for Evolution: Anatomy vs. Molecular
Evidence
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Homework:
 Lab Part B: Finish Tree #1 and Analysis Question #6 by tomorrow
 Finish the whole lab packet by Thursday – you’ll have tomorrow class time
plus HW time (but you have Exhibition Night Tuesday night)
Do Now:
Bird
 According to this diagram, which organism is the
closest evolutionary relative of a bat?
 What is one piece of evidence you could use
to explain this evolutionary relationship?
Bat
Mouse
Today’s Objectives:
 Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for
evolution
Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 1
Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic Evidence
The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…
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Examine and understand the evidence for evolution
Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build
phylogenetic trees
Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical and genetic
homologies as evidence for evolution
Tasks for Today:
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Complete the pre-lab questions
Complete the Data Chart for Tree #1
Use the chart to build an evolutionary tree for 7 animals based on anatomical
traits
Objectives for Class:
• Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution
Bio 9A: Tuesday, 5.4.10
Title: Evidence for Evolution: Anatomy vs. Molecular
Evidence (Day 2)
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Homework:
 Lab Part B: Finish the packet and all analysis questions (typed up and
stapled to the packet)
 Good luck at exhibition night tonight!
Do Now(s):
 Take out Lab Part B packet and turn to the page with the amino acid
sequences
 Get a marker and highlight the human sequence on both rows
 We will count off (monkey, kanga, frog, turtle, tuna). Highlight both rows of
your assigned organism.
Today’s Objectives:
 Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for
evolution
Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 2
Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic Evidence
The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…
Examine and understand the evidence for evolution
 Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build
phylogenetic trees
 Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical and
genetic homologies as evidence for evolution

Objectives for Class:
• Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution
Bio 9A: Thursday, 5.6.10
Title: Evidence for Evolution, continued!
Double Block
Homework:
 Complete Lab Part C up to Task 5 and type your response to question 1 for
the analysis questions – completed lab is due Monday!
Do Now:
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Pass Part A and B forward and take out Part C
Look back in your notes…
1. What are the 3 types of homologies that can be studied as evidence for
evolution?
2. What are two types of evidence for evolution besides homologous
structures?
Today’s Objectives:
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Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that
illustrates this.
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Describe how the geographic distribution of species is used as evidence for evolution
and give one example that illustrates this.
Review: EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
1. Homologous Structures
a) Anatomical homologies and vestigial structures
b) Embryos
c) Molecular/Genetic
2. Geographic Distribution of
Species
3. Fossils
Recap: Analogy vs. Homology
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Homologous Structures – similar structures due to
shared ancestry
 common
ancestor had this feature, so all descendents
have it
 Results from divergent (branching) evolution
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Example:
Analogous Structures – similar structures due to
natural selection in similar environments
 common
ancestor did not have it, but descendents evolve
it independently
 Example:
Evidence for Evolution, continued:
Geographic Distribution
Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
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Species that live on the same continents are often closely related to each other
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Based on genetic (DNA) and embryonic evidence
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This is true, even though they look more similar to species elsewhere.
Example:
North vs. South American rodents
Objectives for Class:
• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Example:
Placental Mammals vs.
Australian Marsupial Mammals
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Australia has been separated
from other continents for a
long time, so its marsupials
evolved independently
Marsupial traits are
analogous, NOT homologous,
to placental mammals
Evidence for Evolution
Fossils
Evidence: FOSSILS
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Fossils
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show species that are now extinct
show transitions to new body forms
Example: Tiktaalik (lived 375 million years ago)
 fish with legs and (maybe) primitive lungs…
 earliest amphibian?
Fossil
Artist Rendering
Objectives for Class:
• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Evidence: FOSSILS cont.
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Example: Archaeopteryx (lived 150 million years ago)
 earliest
bird… but has many dinosaur features
www.ansp.org
Objectives for Class:
• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Evidence: FOSSILS cont.
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Interpreting Fossil Evidence
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Fossils form in layers of rock
(older = lower layer)
Fossils in the same layer lived at
the same time
Radiometric dating: determine the
age of a fossil based on how much
radioactive carbon it contains
Objectives for Class:
• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
What lived at the same time as the fossil fish?
Objectives for Class:
• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Evidence for Evolution: Part C
How did whales evolve?
Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day1
Part C: How Did Whales Evolve?
The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…





Examine and understand the evidence for evolution
Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build phylogenetic
trees
Part C focuses on using fossil evidence and anatomical homologies to determine
evolutionary relatedness
Today: Complete Tasks 1-4
Then we will watch this video:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html
Objectives for Class:
• Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution
Ambulocetus natans in action
A reconstruction of an early close cousin of whales
Shown here with the kind permission of artist Carl Buell. http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/whale.ev.html
Bio 9A: Friday, 5.7.10
Title: Using fossils and homologous structures as evidence
for evolution
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Homework:
 Finish Typing the analysis question for Part C. Completed lab is due Monday.
Do Now:
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Take out Part C and turn to the timeline page (Task 4)
Get ready to check your answers and write dates on your official timeline!
Today’s Objectives:
 Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one
example that illustrates this.
 Explain how whales evolved from land mammals.
Check the Answers…
Check the Answers…
Task 5: Draw the phylogenetic tree!
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Draw your tree…
 Which
organisms go on the 3
branches that reach the “top” of
the tree?
 Which organism goes on the
lowest branch?
 Fill in the rest on your own
AFTER the video
Land mammal ancestor
Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day2
How Did Whales Evolve?
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Watch the video and take notes:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html
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Finish Task 5: Making the phylogenetic tree
For the rest of class: 3 options.
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If you did not complete the analysis questions for Part B, meet
in the front of the room.
If you want to do the Part C analysis questions in your
notebook working with a partner/small group, go to the back
of the room.
If you want to do the Part C analysis questions silently on your
own, you may do so (ipods okay for this group only).
Objectives for Class:
• Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution
Modern Whales…
Where Did Whales Evolve From?
Zooming in on Whale Evolution
Bio 9A: Monday, 5.10.10
Title: Evolution Review & Wrap-Up
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Homework:
 Study for tomorrow’s “Tuiz”
Do Now:
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Pass Lab Part C to the middle of the row (packet AND analysis q’s)
Look at the grade report and stack of graded work that is being handed
back.
In your notebook: Write at least one thing you need to complete, revise, or
review (for tomorrow’s test) in order to do your best in this class.
Today’s Objectives:
 Tuiz Review:
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Explain how populations change over time through natural selection.
Explain the different types of evidence for evolution.
Draw and interpret evolutionary trees.
Tasks for Today:
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Work silently on your own
Make a review section in your notebook and make
review notes based on the study guide
Complete the practice multiple choice questions
Review all assignments handed back
Mr. Moretti has office hours this afternoon if you want
to study more with him!
EVOLUTION SUMMARY
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Populations of living things change over time.
Due to change over time, a species can evolve into
one or more new species. This results in the
branching view of the tree of life.
All living things are related because we all evolved
from a common ancestor.
Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things
Time -------------------------------------------------------------------->present
“There is grandeur in this view of life…” – Charles Darwin
Bio 9A: Tuesday, 5.11.10
Title: Evolution “Tuiz”
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Homework:
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Do Now:
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None 
If you know you are missing work or need to revise – do that!!
Take out a pen or pencil and clear your desks
Today’s Objectives:
 Show what you know about evolution on the “Tuiz”