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Disease Detectives 2014 Terms AGENT: A factor such as a microorganism, virus or chemical substance whose presence is essential for the occurrence of a disease. CASE REPORT: a single report of a condition of interest, for example, one person with an infection. CASE SERIES: a report of multiple cases of the condition of interest, for example, many people with an infection reported in certain time period and/or place. CHAIN OF INFECTION: A process that begins when an agent leaves its reservoir (habitat) or host through a portal of exit, and is conveyed (transferred) by some mode of transmission, then enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host. Breaking any link in the chain can disrupt the epidemic. (Organism Reservoir Portal of Exit Transmission Portal of EntryVulnerable Host Organism) CLUSTER: An aggregation (group) of cases of a disease or other health-related condition, particularly cancer and birth defects, which are closely grouped in time and place. The number of cases may or may not exceed the expected number; frequently the expected number is not known. CONTAMINATION: to be soiled, stained, or infected by contact or association <bacteria contaminated the wound or food> ENDEMIC: The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group; may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease within such area or group. ENVIRONMENT: the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism. EPIDEMIC: The occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a wide geographical area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time. EPIDEMIOLOGY : a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population. It focuses on groups rather than individuals. Epidemiologic data on diseases is used to find those at high risk, identify causes and take preventive measures, and plan new health services. EXPOSURE: having contact with the cause of or having a characteristic that causes a particular health outcome (disease, injury, etc). FOMITE: an inanimate object (as a dish, toy, book, doorknob, or clothing) that may be contaminated with infectious organisms and serve in their transmission. For example, a pacifier or toys used in a daycare center may transfer organisms between young children. 1 HOST: A person or other living organism that can be infected by an infectious agent under natural conditions. HYGIENE: conditions or practices (as of cleanliness) conducive to health IMMUNITY: bodily power to resist an infectious disease that usually results from vaccination or inoculation, a previous attack of the disease, or a natural resistance INFECTION: Invasion of a host by pathogens, which may produce subsequent tissue injury and progress to disease. A host can be infected and transmit the pathogen but not get “sick”. INFECTIOUS: capable of causing infection, a disease that can be transmitted from host to host either directly or indirectly OUTBREAK: (localized epidemic) – more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area or among a specialized group of people over a particular period of time. A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease <an outbreak of measles> OUTCOME: something that follows as a result or consequence, <the outcome of an investigation> PANDEMIC: occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the population <pandemic malaria>. An epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a large proportion of the population. PATHOGEN: a specific causative agent (as a bacterium, virus, prion etc.) of disease PATHOGENIC: describes and agent that can cause or be capable of causing disease PATTERN: a set of characteristics that are displayed repeatedly PUBLIC HEALTH: the art and science dealing with the protection and improvement of community health by organized community effort and including preventive medicine and sanitary and social science. PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE: the systematic, ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. The purpose of public health surveillance is to gain knowledge of the patterns of disease, injury, and other health problems in a community so that we can work toward controlling and preventing them. RESERVOIR: the habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies, which can include humans, animals, or the environment RISK: the probability that an event will occur or that an individual will be affected by, or die from, an illness or injury within a stated time or age span. SUSCEPTIBLE: having little resistance to the disease <persons susceptible to colds> 2 SYMPTOM: a change in the body or mind which indicates that a disease is present <a fever can be a symptom of a bacterial infection> TREND: A long-term movement or change in frequency, usually upwards or downwards. VECTOR: an animal intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host. <An organism that transmits the infection as a mosquito transmits the malaria protozoans>. VEHICLE: An inanimate (nonliving) intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host. <food can be a vehicle to transmit bacteria to a host> VIRULENT: highly infectious 4th and 5th GRADE ONLY ATTACK RATE: frequency of morbidity, or speed of spread, in an at risk population. It is used to project the number of victims to expect during an epidemic. The rate is arrived at by taking the number of new cases in the population at risk and dividing by the number of persons at risk in the population. CASE-CONTROL STUDY: A type of observational analytic study. Enrollment into the study is based on presence (``case'') or absence (``control'') of a disease or outcome. Characteristics such as previous exposure are then compared between cases and controls. This type of study starts with the outcome (disease, condition, injury, etc.) and works backwards (retrospectively) to examine exposures to help identify the cause of disease or an outcome. Outcome Exposure COHORT: a group of subjects with a common defining characteristic (age, etc.) In epidemiology, a countable instance in the population or study group of a particular disease, health disorder, or condition under investigation. Sometimes, an individual with the particular disease. COHORT STUDY: an observational analytic study in which enrollment is based on presence (“case”) or absence (“control) of an exposure. Cases and controls are followed and the rates and risk for outcomes (disease, condition, injury, etc.) are compared. Exposure Outcome CONTROL GROUP: a population of those without the disease or exposure of interest to compare to those who have the disease or exposure. EPI CURVE: A histogram that shows the course of a disease outbreak or epidemic by plotting the number of cases by time of onset. 3 EXPOSURE: the condition of being subject to some detrimental effect or harmful condition (i.e. infection). GRAM STAIN: common technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents. The Gram stain procedure distinguishes between Gram positive and Gram negative groups by coloring these cells red (negative) or violet (positive). INCIDENCE: rate of occurrence <a high incidence of illness> within a specified time period; measures new disease (vs prevalence which measures all disease) INCUBATION PERIOD: the period between the infection of an individual by a pathogen and the manifestation of the disease it causes INDEX CASE: the first documented case of a disease; Case 0 INFECTIVITY: The proportion of persons exposed to a causative agent who become infected by an infectious disease MORTALITY: the number of deaths in a given time or place: the ratio of deaths occurring in a certain time in a given population to the number of individuals in the population ODDS RATIO: An odds ratio (OR) is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure. Odds ratios are most commonly used in case-control studies, ONSET OF ILLNESS: the time when symptoms first present. PREVALENCE: The number or proportion of cases or events or conditions in a given population over a specified time period (vs. incidence which measures new disease). PERIOD: a length or era of time. Used in epidemiology to define a amount of time that a particular disease may be present in a population. RELATIVE RISK: A comparison of the risk of some health-related event such as disease or death in two groups RESERVOIR: an organism in which a parasite that is pathogenic for some other species lives and multiplies without damaging its host; also : a noneconomic organism within which a pathogen of economic or medical importance flourishes without regard to its pathogenicity for the reservoir <rats are reservoirs of plague> VIRULENCE: The proportion of persons with clinical disease, who after becoming infected, become severely ill or die. ZOONOSIS: An infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans. 4 5