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Chapter 35 – America in WWII (1941-1945) America fights a two front war and deals with great domestic changes Questions facing the US at the outset Who to fight first?: Germany or Japan American public blood thirsty for Pearl Harbor revenge But FDR resists all-out focus on Japan for a Germany first strategy How to retool the nation for war production? How to make sure the UK and USSR aren’t crushed fast? How to equip the army and its allies all over the world? How to beat the intense German war machine? What to do about domestic problems? Would the American people measure up to the task? Loyalty and Distrust at Home Pearl Harbor unified the nation Italian and German-Americans were expressed loyalty WWII unlike WWI: immigrant loyalty unquestioned; no gov’t witch-hunt Except the west-coast Japanese-Americans Fears they would conduct sabotage > Japanese internment Executive Order No. 9066: Japanese herded into concentration camps Millions in property and earning losses Supreme Court declared it constitutional in Korematsu v US Building the War Machine WWII and a Repub Congress officially ended the New Deal era reform The war fueled a massive industrial output The War Production Board organized factories into weaponmaking operations Production of non-essential items were halted (cars) Conservation of resources (gas rationing Farmers grow record crop outputs Office of Price Administration regulates prices National War Labor Board creates wage ceilings, resented by labor unions Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act gave fed gov’t authority to seize industries plagued by labor Gov’t took over coal mines and briefly railroads Strikes were rare Manpower and Womanpower The army employed 15 million people for non- combat duties WAACs (army), WAVES (navy), SPARs (Coast Guard) The draft depleted American workforce Bracero program brought Mexican farm workers to the West 6 million women enter workforce UK and USSR had way more women than US in factories Many women returned to traditional roles Mothering the baby-boom generation of the post-war Wartime Migrations and Racial Tensions War industries creates growth in cities, regions FDR uses war as an opportunity to grow the depressed South Defense contracts…beginning of the “Sun Belt” Blacks (just like WWI) leave for the North Led to racial conflict in the North Fair Employment Practices Commission: forbade and monitored discrimination in defense industries Black soldiers: segregated, typically non-combat units Congress of Racial Equality (CORE): non-violent advocacy Post-war blacks become synonymous with urban North; Detroit race riot Natives leave reservations; serve in military code talkers transmit messages to confuse the enemy Zoot-suit riots: Mexican-American youths attacked by sailors in LA Zoot Suit Riots The Anglo soldiers and sailors often resented the zoot suiters whose sense of fashion made them stand out. While MexicanAmericans were serving in the military in a higher proportion than other groups, the soldiers and sailors often viewed them as draft-dodgers. In addition, the zoot suits were made out of wool which was rationed at the time. In 1942, the War Production Board—the government agency in charge of rationing—had drawn up regulations on clothing manufacture. Under these regulations, the manufacture of zoot suits was prohibited. However, there was still demand for the zoot suits and bootleg tailors were soon meeting that demand. The soldiers and sailors justified their anti-Mexican racism as an expression of patriotism and when they saw MexicanAmerican youth in zoot suits, they saw people who they viewed as un-American. They saw the zoot suits as a way of flouting the laws of rationing. Domestic Success While the world suffered, the US thrived at home economically Big gov’t effected lives more than ever Military, defense industry, rationing, labor policy, housing, health, science Cost = $330 billion…twice as much as ALL federal spending since 1776 Highest tax rates at 90% National debt rose from $50 billion to $250 billion by 1945 The Pacific Theater Japan’s quick victories in Guam, Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Burma, Dutch East Indies Bataan Death March after American surrender in the Philippines Japanese victories end at the Battle of Midway in June 1942 Americans win next at Guadalcanal Island 20,000 Japanese losses to 1,700 Americans US troops begin island-hopping from one Japanese-held island to the next towards the goal of Tokyo Combo of naval, air, and ground assaults Winning the Mariana islands (Guam) allowed US air forces to drop continuous bombs on Japan mainland "The hours dragged by and, as we knew they must. The drop-outs began. It seemed that a great many of the prisoners reached the end of their endurance at about the same time. They went down by twos and threes. Usually, they made an effort to rise. I never can forget their groans and strangled breathing as they tried to get up. Some succeeded. Others lay lifelessly where they had fallen. I observed that the Jap guards paid no attention to these. I wondered why. The explanation wasn't long in coming. There was a sharp crackle of pistol and rifle fire behind us. Skulking along, a hundred yards behind our contingent, came a 'clean-up squad' of murdering Jap buzzards. Their helpless victims, sprawled darkly against the white, of the road, were easy targets. As members of the murder squad stooped over each huddled form, there would be an orange 'flash in the darkness and a sharp report. The bodies were left where they lay, that other prisoners coming behind us might see them. Our Japanese guards enjoyed the spectacle in silence for a time. Eventually, one of them who spoke English felt he should add a little spice to the entertainment. 'Sleep?' he asked. 'You want sleep? Just lie down on road. You get good long sleep!' On through the night we were followed by orange flashes and thudding sounds." The Bataan Death March http://war.docuwat.ch/videos/the-war/the-war01-a-necessary-war/?channel_id=6 Episode 2, Part II, 24:24-15:20 left The European Theater Hitler’s submarine wolf packs terrorize merchant ships in the Atlantic Halted by the Brits cracking the German Enigma codes British and US planes begin bombing German cities in ‘42 German General Rommel (The Desert Fox) drives across North Africa Russians stop German forces at the frigid Stalingrad in 1942; Hitler’s eastern front begins to crumble A Second Front Massive Soviet losses of troops and land lead for Russian calls for a second westward front Despite promises, FDR agrees to postpone a mass invasion of Europe until 1944 Direct their successful focus of 1943 to North Africa led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower FDR and Churchill call for unconditional surrender The Allies fight in Italy; Mussolini deposed and Italy surrenders, but the Germans do not give up Italy easily (fight to nearly the end of the war) By July 1943, the Allied invasion of Sicily and bombing of Rome caused the Italian high command and King Victor Emmanuel III to remove Mussolini from power and place him under house arrest. On April 28th 1945, Mussolini and his 33-year-old mistress, Clara Petacci, were captured by Italian partisans and were executed by machine gun fire. In the pre-dawn hours of April 29 the corpses of Mussolini, Petacci and 14 fellow fascists were placed in a truck and dumped like garbage in Milan’s Piazzale Loreto, a deeply symbolic public square for the anti-fascist forces. There, eight months earlier, fascists acting under orders from Hitler’s SS publicly displayed the bodies of 15 executed partisans. Residents of Milan hurled invectives and vegetables at the dictator’s corpse before kicking, beating and spitting upon it. One woman, deciding Mussolini wasn’t dead enough for her, emptied a pistol into the dictator’s body and shouted, “Five shots for my five assassinated sons!” The crowd then strung the bodies of Mussolini, Petacci and other fascists by their feet from the girders of a gasoline station in a corner of the square. Death of Mussolini D-Day: June 6, 1944 The Big Three (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) meet in Tehran in late 1943 to plan European invasion Eisenhower entrusted with overseeing millions of Allied (mostly US) troops Normandy, on the coast of France, chosen for invasion site on D-Day: June 6, 1944 Eisenhower's Order of the Day Omaha Beach After intense fighting on the beaches, American troops led by General George S. Patton swept through France and liberated Paris by August Victory in Europe Soviets invaded eastern Germany by December 1944, while Allied bombs bombarded German cities Hitler made one last gamble on the western front Attacked the thinly stretched American lines in the Ardennes Forest of Belgium…with the goal of taking the town of Antwerp (key to Allied supplies) Americans were driven back, creating a “bulge” in their line The German advance in the Battle of the Bulge halted by the 101st Airborne Division (Band of Brothers) As Americans and Soviets advanced into Germany, they discovered the true extent of the Holocaust FDR had known of genocide, but refused to bomb the rails Soviets pillaged and raped in Berlin Hitler commits suicide in a Berlin bunker 4/30/1945 FDR dies on 4/12/1945…President Truman sworn in Germany surrenders on 5/7/1945…V-E Day celebrated on the 8th Victory over Japan American bombers reducing Japan’s paper cities to ashes Massive fire-bombing of Tokyo in March 1945 killed 83,000 Tokyo burns General MacArthur returns and Philippines liberated 4000 US troops die trying to take the volcanic island of Iwo Jima 50,000 troops die taking Okinawa Kamikaze suicide pilots take out 30 US ships The Atomic Bombs Japan still refuses to unconditionally surrender An invasion of Japanese mainland calculated to cost hundreds of 1000s of US troops (and millions of Japanese) Truman, Stalin, and British leaders meet at the Potsdam Conference to discuss the end of the war and demand Japanese surrender Einstein had convinced FDR in 1940 to move ahead with atomic bomb development Manhattan Project proved successful with a test bomb in New Mexico Hiroshima atomic bomb kills 180,000 on 8/6/1945 Nagasaki atomic bomb kills 80,000 three days later Japanese surrender on 8/10/1945 V-J Day celebrated on 9/2/1945 The War is Over Americans lose 300,000 soldiers, Soviets = 25 mill. More civilians died than soldiers Much of Europe and Asia left in ruins, while the American homeland left untouched American political, military, and industrial leadership shined Did the New Deal or WWII end the Depression? Should we have dropped the Atomic bombs? The war is over…back to racism! And a new enemy!