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Hall 1 Scorpius constellation (11) Jacob Hall Physics 1040, sec 002 10:00-10:50 Hall 2 Greek Mythology Greek mythology Pseudo-Hesiod, The Astronomy Fragment 4 Scorpius was a giant scorpion sent by the earth-goddess Gaia to slay Orion when he was boastful enough to say he could slay all the beasts of the earth. Orion and the Scorpion were afterwards placed in the stars as a pair of Constellations. The two combatants are never seen in the sky at the same time, for one constellation sets as the other rises. The scorpion's claws were originally formed by Libra. "Hesiod says that . . . Orion went away to Krete and spent his time hunting with Artemis and Leto. It seems that he threatened to kill every beast that was on earth, this angered Ge (the Earth). Ge set up a battle against Orion and the scorpion which was very large, it stung Orion and he died. After this Zeus, at the prayer of Artemis and Leto, put him among the stars, because of his manliness, and the Scorpion also as a memorial of him and of what had happened that day. (1) Constellation and stars Scorpius is a constellation in the southern hemisphere, located near the center of the Milky Way galaxy. It was one of the constellations introduced by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century. Scorpius represents the scorpion that stung and killed Orion, the mythical hunter who boasted that he could kill any wild animal. The Earth sent the scorpion to kill Orion after hearing what he had said. In another version of the Greek tale, it was the goddess Artemis who sent the scorpion after Orion had tried to ravish her. Even today, it is said that Orion flees under the horizon whenever Scorpius rises in the sky. The two constellations are placed opposite each other. Scorpius is depicted with its tail and sting poised in the air, ready to strike. (2) The constellation Scorpius occupies an area of 497 square degrees and contains ten stars with known planets. It can be seen at latitudes between +40° and -90° and is best visible at 9 Hall 3 p.m. during the month of July. Astronomically, the Sun lingers in Scorpius only for a week, from November 23 to November 30, but most astrologers consider it to be in the sign of Scorpio from October 23 to November 23. Scorpius contains a number of bright stars, most of which are members of the Scorpius-Centaurus family. The brightest star in the Scorpius constellation is 7516 alpha Scorpii, or Antares. It is called “like Mars” because of its reddish-orange color which is the same color as the planet Mars. Antares is a red supergiant with a radius about 800 times that of the Sun. It is classified as a variable star; its apparent magnitude varies between 0.9 and 1.8. It has a hot blue companion star about 2.9 arcseconds away. (2) Antares is the 16th brightest star in the sky. It is approximately 600 light-years distant from Earth. It is also of the brightest stars near the ecliptic, the Sun’s apparent path in the sky. The only other first magnitude stars on the ecliptic are 7931 Aldebaran 8774 Spica or alpha Virginis and 4806 Regulus or alpha Leonis. Antares is significant in many different cultures. In Arab tradition, it was said to be the star of the warrior poet Antarah ibn Shaddad. Arabs also used to call the star Kalb al Akrab "the scorpion's hart" a translation of the ancient Greek name for the star, Kardia Scorpiou. In Egyptian tradition, the light of Antares played an important part in the ceremonies performed in the temples. Ancient Persians called the star Satevis and considered it to be one of the four "royal stars." Antares was also important in the religion of Stregheria, a pagan, pre-Christian religion in Italy in which the star was believed to be a fallen angel and guardian of the western gate. (2) Star 7517 or lambda Scorpii, the second brightest star in Scorpius, is also called Shaula or "the sting”. It is located at the end of the scorpion’s tail, marking the sting. Shaula is a multiple star, composed of a B-type subgiant. Shaula is approximately 700 light-years away. 7522-7553 beta Scorpii, also known as Graffias "claws" and Acrab "scorpion", is another multiple star Hall 4 system. Acrab appears as a binary star composed of two hot, B-class stars. 7520 delta Scorpii, or Dschubba "forehead" marks the middle of the scorpion’s head. It is a multiple star with a hot class B star. It lies about 402 light-years from Earth. Star 7518 theta Scorpii is a yellow giant star approximately 270 light-years distant, whose luminosity is 960 times that of the Sun. It is also known by its Sumerian names Girtab or "the scorpion." Star 7535 nu Scorpii or Jabbah " the forehead" has at least four components, split into two groups. The brighter pair consists of B class subgiants and the fainter pair is composed of B class main sequence dwarfs. The star system lies approximately 437 light-years from Earth. Constellations directly bordering Scorpius are Sagittarius, Ophiuchus, Libra, Lupus, Norma, Ara and Corona Australis. (2,7) Objects of interest Messier 4 or M4 also known as NGC 6121 is a cluster in the constellation of Scorpius. It was discovered by Philippe Loys de Chéseaux in 1746 and catalogued by Charles Messier in 1764. It was the first globular cluster in which individual stars were resolved. It appears about the same size as the Moon in the sky. It is one of the easiest globular clusters to find, being located only 1.3 degrees west of the bright star Antares, with both objects being visible in a wide field telescope. Modestly sized telescopes will begin to resolve individual stars of which the brightest in M4 are of apparent magnitude 10.8. Messier 4 contains several tens of thousand stars and is noteworthy for being home to many white dwarfs. (3) Messier 80 also known as M80 or NGC 6093 is a globular cluster in the constellation Scorpius. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1781. M80 is located midway between α Scorpii Antares and β Scorpii in a field in the Milky Way that is rich in nebulae. It can be viewed with modest amateur telescopes as a mottled ball of light. With an apparent diameter of about 10' Hall 5 and at an estimated distance of 32,600 light-years, M80's spatial diameter is about 95 light-years. It contains several hundred thousand stars, and is among the more densely populated globular clusters in the Milky Way Galaxy. M80 contains a relatively large number of blue stragglers, stars that appear to be much younger than the cluster itself. It is thought these stars have lost part of their outer layers due to close encounters with other cluster members or perhaps the result of collisions between stars in the dense cluster. Images from the Hubble Space Telescope have shown districts of very high blue straggler densities, suggesting that the center of the cluster is likely to have a very high capture and collision rate. (4) Messier 7 or M7, also designated NGC 6475 and sometimes known as the Ptolemy Cluster, is an open cluster of stars in the constellation of Scorpius. The cluster is easily detectable with the naked eye, close to the "stinger" of Scorpius with a declination of -34.8°, it is the southernmost Messier object. It was first recorded by the 1st-century Greek-Roman astronomer Ptolemy, who described it as a nebula in 130 AD. Italian astronomer Giovanni Batista Hodierna observed it before 1654 and counted 30 stars in it. In 1764, French astronomer Charles Messier catalogued the cluster as the seventh member in his list of comet-like objects. English astronomer John Herschel described it as "coarsely scattered clusters of stars". Telescopic observations of the cluster reveal about 80 stars within a field of view of 1.3° across, the tidal radius of the cluster is 40.1 light years and it has a combined mass of about 735 times the mass of the Sun.The age of the cluster is around 200 million years while the brightest member star is of magnitude 5.6. The cluster contains a similar abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium as the Sun. (5) The Butterfly Cluster, or Messier 6 also known as NGC 6405 is an open cluster of stars that form a shape similar to that of a butterfly. The brightest star in the cluster is BM Scorpii, an orange supergiant, while most of the other bright members are hot, blue B-type stars. The first Hall 6 astronomer to record the Butterfly Cluster's existence was Giovanni Battista Hodierna in 1654. However, Robert Burnham, Jr has proposed that the 1st century astronomer Ptolemy may have seen it with the naked eye while observing its neighbor the Ptolemy Cluster (Messier 7). Charles Messier catalogued the cluster as M6 in 1764. It was not till the 20th century that star counts, distance, and other properties were measured. (2,6) Hall 7 (9) (10) Hall 8 Sources Cited (1) "SCORPIUS : Giant Scorpion ; Greek Mythology ; Constellation Scorpio : SKORPIOS."SCORPIUS : Giant Scorpion ; Greek Mythology ; Constellation Scorpio : SKORPIOS. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <http://www.theoi.com/Ther/Skorpios.html>. (2) "Scorpius." Constellation on Top Astronomer. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <http://www.topastronomer.com/StarCharts/Constellations/Scorpius.php>. (3) "Messier 4." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_4>. (4) "Messier 80." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_80> (5) "Messier 7." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_7>. (6) "Butterfly Cluster." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_Cluster>. (7) Nigro, Nicholas J. "Scorpius." Night Sky: Decoding the Solar System, from Constellations to Black Holes. Guilford, CT: Knack, 2010. Print. (8) "List of Stars in Scorpius." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stars_in_Scorpius>. (9) "Constellation: Scorpius." Frosty Drew Observatory & Sky Theatre. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <http://frostydrew.org/stars.dc/constellation/constellation-73/>. (10) "Scorpius." The Stellar Guide:. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <http://www.botproductions.com/stellar/scorpius.html>. Hall 9 (11) "Star Tales – Scorpius." Star Tales – Scorpius. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/scorpius.htm>. Hall 10 Name Antares A λ Sco θ Sco δ Sco ε Sco κ Sco β1 Sco υ Sco τ Sco RA 16h 29m −26° 25′ 24.47s 55.0″ 17h 33m −37° 06′ 36.53s 13.5″ 17h 37m −42° 59′ 19.13s 52.2″ 16h 00m −22° 37′ 20.01s 17.8″ 16h 50m −34° 17′ 10.24s 33.4″ 17h 42m −39° 01′ 29.28s 47.7″ 16h 05m −19° 48′ 26.23s 19.4″ 17h 30m −37° 17′ 45.84s 44.7″ 16h 35m −28° 12′ 52.96s π Sco 15h 58m 51.12s σ Sco Declination 16h 21m Visual Spectral Steller Magnitude Class distance (Ly) 0.91 M1.5Iab-b 553 1.62 B2IV+DA7.9 703 1.86 F1II 272 2.29 B0.2IVe 401 2.29 K2IIIb 65 2.39 B1.5III 464 2.62 B0.5V 530 2.70 B2IV 518 2.82 B0V 430 2.89 B1V + B2V 459 2.90 B1III 734 57.5″ −26° 06′ 50.6″ −25° 35′ Hall 11 11.32s ι1 Sco μ1 Sco G Sco η Sco μ2 Sco ζ2 Sco ρ Sco ω1 Sco ν Sco 33.9″ 17h 47m −40° 07′ 35.08s 37.1″ 16h 51m −38° 02′ 52.24s 50.4″ 17h 49m −37° 02′ 51.45s 36.1″ 17h 12m −43° 14′ 09.18s 18.6″ 16h 52m −38° 01′ 20.15s 02.9″ 16h 54m −42° 21′ 35.11s 38.7″ 15h 56m −29° 12′ 53.09s 50.4″ 16h 06m −20° 40′ 48.43s 08.9″ 16h 11m −19° 27′ 59.74s 38.3″ (8) 2.99 F3Ia 1791 3.00 B1.5IV + B 821 3.19 K0/K1III 127 3.32 F3p 72 3.56 B2IV 517 3.62 K4III 150 3.87 B2IV/V 409 3.93 B1V 423 4.00 B2IV 436