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10 minutes to answer the questions 1) What is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqfHv9FO pXw Evaluation infidelity and jealousy Group display (Warfare and sport) Evolutionary explanation. • How does the evolutionary theory explain warfare? • What is it good for Boardwork Outline the evolutionary explanation Look at the research for warfare and sport (validity and reliability) Evaluation: Could any other theory explain it better. Could it be considered socially sensitive. Can the theory help us reduce negative aspects of group display such as hooliganism. Sport • Group displays are ritualised displays of aggression by and between groups of people • Sports involve displays of skills and strength, behaviour attractive to females who will select the winning males for reproductive success on the basis of their display of genetic fitness • The posturing and ritualised displays are not seen as violent however they could be a catalyst for serious acts of aggression What message is this giving? Sport • In one respect group displays in sport can be seen as having replaced tribal warfare, where one identifiable tribal team goes into ritualized battle against another identifiable tribal team. Sport involves displays of strength and skill; behaviours that may be attractive to females who will select winning males. • Sporting victories being increased status and thus reproductive fitness to supporters of teams as well as the players. Xenophobia • Xenophobia is the fear of outsiders, and in sport this means any of the opposition • MacDonald (1992) suggested from an evolutionary perspective it is adaptive to exaggerate negative stereotypes about outsiders because to overestimate the threat is less costly than underestimating it • Avoiding attack would mean we had a better chance of reproducing, so we must do it at any cost. This could explain why many sports fans act as a close knit collective, with a hatred of opposition fans. Xenophobia • Shaw & Wong argue that mechanisms that prompt suspicion towards strangers would have been favoured by natural selection. • This would have enabled our ancestors to avoid attack and leave behind more offspring • Podaliri & Balestri found evidence in sports events to suggest such Xenophobic responses are evident in human beings also: particularly in the behaviour of Italian football crowds. From the end of the 1980’s, xenophobic political organisations such as the Northern League in Italy had led to the growth of extreme right-wing movements with racist chants and openly anti-Semitic banners. Xenophobia • However many other sport events other than football have no issue with Xenophobia being a particular problem; • An example of this is Rugby where by supporters actually sit together in stadiums and such aggressive group behaviour is not really an issue and in comparison, supporters are relatively relaxed. • Another example is the sport of cricket which encourages “fair-play” and Sportsmanship more so and hence players as well as supporters are found to be rather placid in comparison suggesting such xenophobic responses may be learnt in some respect. Group Displays of Aggression • Can this be applied to the real world? • Can one explanation cover all crowd behaviour? • Could it be entertainment, not aggression? • Could these be explained more coherently through social explanations instead of evolutionary explanations?