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Chapter 13: Exploration and Discovery I. Preparation for Discovery Motives for Exploration • Marco Polo • Search for New Trade Routes – Genoa controlled northern overland routes – Venice controlled southern routes Motives for Exploration • Search for New Trade Routes – Ottoman Turks – Was there a route to the East entirely by sea? Motives for Exploration • Quest for Gold – Stories of great stores of gold in Africa • Desire for Adventure and Glory Motives for Exploration • Religious Concerns – Fear of a Muslim invasion of Europe – Prester John – Most were Roman Catholic Motives for Exploration • Competition Among European Nations – Commercial rivalry – Wealth and power – Colonization Tools for Exploration • Maps • Instruments – Compass – Astrolabe, quadrant, and cross-staff • Determine latitude • Disadvantages Tools for Exploration • Seagoing Vessels – Ships with oars – Ships with triangular sails • More easily maneuvered – Ships with square sails • More power Tools for Exploration • Seagoing Vessels – Caravel • Fast and light • Both square and triangular sails Chapter 13: Exploration and Discovery II. Process of Discovery Portugal and Spain • Advantages • Motivating forces • Portugal Rounds Africa – Prince Henry • “The Navigator” • School of navigation Portugal and Spain • Portugal Rounds Africa – Bartolomeu Dias • Rounded the southern tip of Africa – Vasco da Gama • Reached India • Traded for spices – Broke Muslim trade monopoly Portugal and Spain • Spain Sails Westward – Christopher Columbus • Thought he could reach the Orient by sailing west • Support of Ferdinand and Isabella • Total of four voyages – Line of Demarcation Line of Demarcation • Encouraged Portugal to colonize in Africa and the East Indies Line of Demarcation • Gave Spain nearly all the New World, except Brazil • Cut Spain off from going east around Africa to get to India and China Portugal and Spain • Spain Sails Westward – Ferdinand Magellan • Only one of his five ships completed the voyage • First circumnavigation of the earth • One great body of water covered the earth Europe and the New World • Amerindian Civilizations – “Indians” – North American Indians • Northeast • Southeast • Plains • Southwest • West Coast Europe and the New World – North American Indians had less structured civilizations • Lived in small groups of tribes – Central and South American Indians had more structured civilizations Europe and the New World – Mayan civilization • 4th-10th centuries • Yucatan Peninsula • Accomplishments – Aztecs • Tenochtitlán • Fighters • Never developed a real empire Europe and the New World – Inca Empire • Peru • Conquered neighboring peoples • Accomplishments Europe and the New World • Spanish Exploration – Conquistadors • Search for riches • Convert the Indians to Roman Catholicism • Establish Spanish authority Europe and the New World – Vasco Núñez de Balboa • Panama • First European to see the Pacific Ocean Europe and the New World – Hernando Cortés • Mexico • Montezuma, the Aztec king, thought he might be a returning god • Conquered Aztecs and began to build Mexico City • Viceroys Europe and the New World – Francisco Pizarro • Probably the cruelest • Held Atahualpa for ransom • Conquered the Incans • Founded the city of Lima – Bartolomé de las Casas • Condemned treatment of Indians • “New Laws” Europe and the New World – Hernando de Soto • Searched southeastern United States • Discovered Mississippi River – Francisco Vásquez de Coronado • “Seven Cities of Cibola” • Southwestern United States Europe and the New World • French, Dutch, and English Exploration • French Explorers: – Jacques Cartier • Three voyages to eastern Canada • Montreal Europe and the New World – Samuel de Champlain • “Father of New France” • Quebec – Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet • Explored Mississippi River • “Louisiana” Europe and the New World • Dutch Explorers: – Henry Hudson • Hudson River • The Dutch subsequently founded New Amsterdam Europe and the New World • English Explorers: – John Cabot – Jamestown • Captain John Smith Europe and the Orient • The West Reaches the East • The Portuguese – Pedro Cabral • Trading post in India – Affonso de Albuquerque Europe and the Orient • The Portuguese – Built a commercial empire – Fatal weaknesses Europe and the Orient • The Dutch – Took over much of what Portugal had earlier claimed – Only nation Japan would trade with – Cape Town colony Europe and the Orient • The English – Persian Gulf – India Europe and the Orient • The East Responds to the West – Resistance in China • Macao – Japan initially more friendly • Francis Xavier • Became mostly closed to Europeans Chapter 13: Exploration and Discovery III. Parallel to Discovery: The Commercial Revolution Commercial Revolution Changes in business thinking and practice Mercantilism: Nations Acquiring Wealth • Newly found wealth should benefit the mother country • Goal of nations: Obtain as much precious metal as possible Mercantilism: Nations Acquiring Wealth • Colonies existed to: – Supply the mother country with raw materials – Provide markets where goods from the mother country could be sold Mercantilism: Nations Acquiring Wealth • Government regulated a nation’s economic activity • Wealth usually hoarded in royal treasuries Capitalism: Individuals Advancing Wealth • Goal: To advance wealth • Individuals often organized companies – Joint-stock company – Capital – Dividends Capitalism: Individuals Advancing Wealth • Important joint-stock companies: – English East India Company – Dutch East India Company – French Company of New France Capitalism: Individuals Advancing Wealth • Settlements • Prospectus – Underwriter
