Download Module 2 Cloze Notes The took place when the Europeans arrived

Module 2 Cloze Notes
The __________________ took place when the Europeans arrived in the Americas there was an
exchange of ideas (like Christianity), plants, animals and disease.
Impacts Europeans Had on Native Americans
Religion: One of the motives for settling the New World was to spread Christianity to the Native
Americans. _________ and __________ Catholics worked as missionaries to convert the natives. In
general, the French did not try to change the Native American customs as much as the Spanish
missionaries did. Some natives were receptive to ______________, while others had religion forced
upon them.
Population Decline: The Native American population quickly began to __________ once the Europeans
arrived. When Spanish conquistadors first settled in the New World, they _____________ many Native
Americans. They used Native Americans for farming and mining for gold and silver. Hard labor and
malnutrition led to the deaths of many Native Americans. Over time, Native American slaves were
replaced by _____________ because the Native Americans were dying of _____________. In addition to
the maltreatment Native Americans faced, diseases unknowingly brought by Europeans also depleted
the population. Native Americans did not have _______________ to fight off these diseases, which led
millions to die. Native Americans thought the Europeans brought the diseases to America on purpose.
Experts estimate that ____ to ____ percent of Native Americans died in the first few decades after
European contact.
Competition for Land: With the colonists and Native Americans occupying the same lands,
___________for land was inevitable. Hunting in the same forests and fishing in the same streams led to
a depletion of animals available for food. As a result, many Native Americans had to __________their
ancestral lands to search for more food. In addition, the demand for agricultural products led many
European settlers to clear forests to make room to plant. This _________ Native American hunting
grounds, forcing them off the land they occupied. The Native American tribes were ______________ of
one another, so they were slow to unify in their battles against European settlers.
Peaceful Coexistence: European settlers learned from the Native Americans how to grow American
crops, where to hunt, and how to survive. Native Americans learned about
_____________________________________________________________________from the settlers.
There are many examples of peaceful coexistence between the Native Americans and the colonists,
including the first Thanksgiving. Without assistance from the natives, the ____________ may not have
survived.
Causes of the War
____________ and ____________ competed over land in the Ohio River Valley used for fur trading and
fishing.
Major Events of the French & Indian War
1754—Fort Necessity, Pennsylvania:
The British sent ____________________ with a militia to build Fort Necessity on the site of present-day
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When they arrived, they found that the ________________ were already
constructing a fort nearby. The French called this post Fort Duquesne. Washington attacked the French
but was outnumbered and ________________. He was soon released to return to Virginia.
1754— Albany, New York:
Members from four colonies met to discuss ways to work together to defend themselves from the
French. They thought of ways to persuade the ________________ to form an alliance against the
French. Representatives also adopted Benjamin Franklin’s _________________________. This plan
called for a single elected government for all of the American colonies. The plan ___________after all of
the colonies chose not to adopt it.
1755—Path from Alexandria, Virginia, to Fort Duquesne, Pennsylvania:
In 1755, British General ________________ set out from Virginia with 1,400 red-coated troops to
confront the French at Fort Duquesne. George Washington served as his _______________. Washington
warned the British general against using the _________________ fighting style, which was common in
Europe at the time. Braddock ___________the advice, and his troops were ambushed. The bright red
uniforms and rows of soldiers made the British easy targets for Native American and French
sharpshooters. Braddock and more than 1,000 of his men attempted to retreat but were killed in battle.
Washington survived and led the remaining troops back to Virginia. Britain declared war on France.
1759—Quebec:
Britain also attacked the French capital of ______________, in Canada. Due to its location on a cliff,
Quebec was thought to be ____________ to attack. The British snuck up a path and climbed the hill
during the night. The British troops gathered on the _____________________ outside the French
fortress, where they surprised and defeated the French. The victory at Quebec and the capture of
Montreal the following year led to the end of fighting.
Outcome of the French & Indian War
The British won the French & Indian War. In the Treaty of _______________, the British gained the
Ohio River Valley and land in Canada. The lands that were divided in the Treaty of Paris were still home
to many _____________________. Although the British won the war, they found themselves deeply in
___________. Britain passed a series of unpopular taxes to help pay for the French & Indian War. These
taxes upset the colonists and set the stage for the American Revolution. The colonists protested and
________________ (refused to buy) British goods to show they were unhappy.The colonists were willing
to pay ________________, however they wanted to be _____________________ in Parliament. Many
of the Acts passed by Parliament were __________________ only to be followed by another .
Proclamation of 1763: West of the _______________ Mountains closed to colonial settlement.
Writs of Assistance: Britain passed the Writs of Assistance to______________ American colonists from
____________________ goods. Colonists were smuggling goods to avoid paying taxes to Britain. The
Writs of Assistance allowed government officials to_______________ homes and warehouses to find
smuggled goods. Colonists felt that this______________ their rights because it did not require British
officials to obtain a warrant before entering.
Sugar Act of 1764: To help pay for war debts and protection, Britain directly taxed American colonists
for the first time. Colonists argued that they should not be taxed by _______________ because they
could not vote for its members.___________________, one of the most vocal leaders in Massachusetts,
created a political slogan that summed up American feelings toward this new tax: “No______________
without representation.” Parliament also appointed judges to hear smuggling cases instead of allowing
jury trials. This further upset colonists, who felt their civil liberties had been violated.
Stamp Act of 1765: The Stamp Act taxed almost all printed material in the colonies. Because this act
taxed so many items, it helped ___________ the colonists against Britain._______________ helped
organize the Sons of Liberty to gain support for the Stamp Act protests. Many
colonists _____________British goods. Members from nine colonies met at the Stamp Act Congress to
write a petition to King George and Parliament, stating that only colonial governments had the authority
to tax colonists.
Declaratory Acts of 1766: In response to colonial boycotts and demands, Parliament _____________ the
Stamp Act. The colonists felt victorious, but Britain passed another troublesome law. The Declaratory
Act of 1766 stated that Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the colonies in all
matters.
Events of the Boston Massacre: On March 5, 1770, an angry mob in Boston gathered around nine British
soldiers, or redcoats. The crowd began to __________them and threaten them with wooden clubs and
sticks. When their shouts did not provoke the soldiers, the crowd threw ice at them, and some in the
crowd even yelled _________! When a colonist named Richard Palmes struck a soldier with a club, a
shot finally rang out. Other shots quickly followed. Some witnesses later claimed that Captain Thomas
Preston, the commander of the British troops, ____________ his soldiers to fire. Others said the soldiers
fired their weapons on their own. The soldiers themselves said their shooting was in _______________.
When the smoke cleared, five colonists lay dead or dying.
Samuel Adams, one of the leaders of the anti-British protests, saw an ______________ in this tragedy.
He and his allies began calling the incident "The Boston Massacre." They helped arouse further anger
against the British with articles and pictures that described British soldiers shooting at unarmed civilians.
The British tried to calm the colonists by bringing the soldiers to ____________. In the end, juries made
up of colonists ruled that Preston and most of his men had fired in self-defense. Only two of Preston's
soldiers were _______________. But they were only found guilty of manslaughter. The trials helped
calm American anger.
Parliament also tried to ______________the colonies by repealing all the duties it had enacted, except
one. England would not overturn the tax on tea (Tea Tax). The colonists boycotted and on the night of
December 16, 1773, the Sons of Liberty took a further step. A group of men disguised as
________________ boarded an English ship that was docked in Boston. Then they dumped 342 cases of
tea into the harbor.
The king was furious with the colonists, and Parliament passed a set of laws called the ______________.
The colonists called them _______________ because they were so severe. The Intolerable Acts closed
Boston's port, reduced the power of town meetings, and increased the authority of British royal officials.
The king had hoped the colonists would give in to his power. Instead they continued to resist. Delegates
from many colonies met in the first ___________________ in the fall of 1774. They demanded that
Britain remove the Intolerable Acts. But the British refused.
The next spring, the British sent troops to the town of Concord to _______________ a supply of
weapons. On the way to Concord, the British soldiers met 70 militiamen in the town of Lexington. A
shot was fired, the first shot of the ____________________. The British continued to Concord but met
more militia and more fighting. They were forced to retreat. ________________ troops from nearby
towns fired on the British during the long retreat to Boston, killing and wounding many soldiers.
In May 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in ________________to discuss what to do. Some
delegates wanted to remain loyal to Britain, others wanted independence, and others were undecided.
The Second Continental Congress selected ____________________ as its president. Hancock was one of
the richest colonists. He used his wealth to fund the ________________ in his home state of
Massachusetts. The Second Continental Congress also selected George Washington as the commander
of the Continental Army. In an attempt to avoid a full-scale war, the Congress sent King George the
__________________________. In it, the colonists asked the King to protect their rights and told the
King that they wanted peace. King George _______________their petition and began preparing for war.
In January 1776, _________________ published a pamphlet called _____________________. In it, he
inspired many Americans to want to break away from Britain and declare independence. He framed the
_______________ of the colonists to be about a quest for freedom and not just about taxes.
The ______________ of the Olive Branch Petition and the growing move toward independence led the
Second Continental Congress to act. On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee from Virginia proposed
independence. While debating the issue, the Congress appointed a committee to draft the
____________________________. Members of this committee included _________________ of
Virginia, ___________________ of Connecticut, ___________________ of Pennsylvania,
____________________of New York, and ___________________ of Massachusetts. Thomas Jefferson,
the youngest member, wrote the document. Adams and Franklin made edits to his original draft.
The Founding Fathers prepared for war at the Second Continental Congress. Most Americans
____________independence after the publication of Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”, however, not all
Americans supported the patriots’ struggle for independence. Those that were against breaking away
from Britain were called ___________________.
When the American Revolution began, most European countries did not give the United States much of
a chance against the might British Empire. On paper, the British had the advantage.
Whig – ______________________________
Tories – _____________________________
James Otis: Argued that colonists should not be taxed by Parliament because they could not vote for its
members; Opposed the writs of assistance in courts, arguing that ____________ without a warrant
violated natural rights.
Samuel Adams: Helped organize the Sons of Liberty. Used _____________ describing the events in 1770
as the “Boston Massacre.”; Organized the Boston Tea Party after Britain passed the Tea Act; Targeted
for _____________ by the British at the Battles of Lexington and Concord.
John Hancock: Funded the Sons of Liberty; Selected as _____________ of the Second Continental
Congress; Targeted for imprisonment by the British at Lexington.
John Adams: Represented _____________soldiers in the Boston Massacre trials; Member of the
Declaration of Independence Committee; Recommended George Washington as _____________ of the
Continental Army; Helped negotiate peace with Britain after the American Revolution.
Thomas Jefferson: Only 32 when sent as a delegate from Virginia to the Second Continental Congress;
Known for his brilliant writing, he was selected as the ___________________ of the Declaration of
Independence.
George Washington: Fought with the British in the French and Indian War; _______________selected
by the Second Continental Congress as the commander of the Continental Army during the American
Revolution; Offered to serve in the Continental Army without_____________.
Ben Franklin: Colonial spokesperson in________________ after the Stamp Act was passed; Member of
the Declaration of Independence Committee; Known as an author, statesman, and scientist; Helped
negotiate the alliance with ________________ during the American Revolution.
Advantages for the US in the American Revolutionary War:
America was fighting on its home turf, while Britain had to send troops 3,000 miles away. This made
_______________ difficult for the British; America was fighting for the noble causes of ___________
and _______________. Britain hired soldiers to fight battles for them.
Advantages for the British in the American Revolutionary War:
Britain had the strongest __________ in the world, while America did not have an organized navy;
Britain had the wealth of the empire at its disposal. America was short on weapons and supplies due to
lack of funds; Britain had 9 million people and the help of the loyalists, while America only had 2.5
million people; Britain had a more ______________, well-trained army, while America had to rely on the
states for troops; ______________: name for the German soldiers that Britain hired to help fight the
Americans
Woman and African Americans during the American Revolution
The role of women and African Americans is often over looked. Women helped in the American
Revolution by becoming heads of their _______________while their husbands were away at war. Many
took care of their family’s farms and businesses. Some participated in the war efforts by providing
__________, and a few others fought in battle alongside their husbands.
African Americans fought on both sides of the American Revolution. At the beginning of the war,
__________appealed to slaves to join the British war efforts. Many slaves were promised their
_____________for fighting for the British. African Americans fought for the American side as well. As
many as 5,000 African American soldiers joined the Continental Army. Some fought because they
believed in the _____________, while others fought for _________________. Some escaped from
slavery and joined the fighting, while others fought in exchange for their freedom.
The _____________were German soldiers hired through their rulers by the British Empire. About 30,000
German soldiers served in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolutionary War; nearly half
were from the Hesse region of Germany; the others came from similar small German states. In the
context of the ___________ service, they were all referred to as "Hessians." The American colonists
called them _______________. They were hired in units, not as ____________. They received wages,
but the prince of their respective states received most of the funds; Britain found it easier to borrow
money to pay for their service than to recruit its own soldiers.
______________, __________________, and ________________ were sent to Paris to represent the
United States and to discuss the terms of peace. In April 1783, Congress ratified the Treaty of
____________.
What were the terms of the treaty?
Britain recognizes the United States as _______________; U.S. territory stretches from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Mississippi River and north of _________________ Florida to Canada; Britain promises to
withdraw troops; Britain allows the U.S. to fish off Canadian waters; British merchants can collect
______________owed to them; Congress will recommend that all property be returned to
_______________(most was never returned).