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MUSCULAR SYSTEM LAB PART I
OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify each of the three muscle tissue types (skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth) on anatomical models and when viewing the tissues with a
microscope.
2. Locate and identify the major structures (listed below) of a neuromuscular
junction and muscle fiber (muscle cell) on models, slides, and diagrams.
3. Identify the major structures in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
tissues (listed below) when viewing the tissues with a microscope.
4. Locate and identify the major human muscles on models or diagrams
(listed below).
5. Describe a major action of each of the major human muscles.
MATERIALS:
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human muscle models
muscle cell models
muscle tissue slides
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
_____ skeletal muscle tissue (See pgs. 95, 96, and 248 of text. See pg. 25 of
Photographic Atlas)
_____ cardiac muscle tissue (See pgs. 96, 244, and 248 of text. See pg. 25 of
Photographic Atlas)
_____ smooth muscle tissue (See pgs. 96, 246, and 248 of text. See pg. 25 of
Photographic Atlas)
STRUCTURES IN MUSCLE TISSUE
Skeletal Muscle Tissue:
_____ muscle fibers
_____ nuclei
_____ striations
Cardiac Muscle Tissue:
_____ muscle fibers
_____ nuclei
_____ intercalated discs
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Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab
Smooth Muscle Tissue:
_____ muscle fibers
PARTS OF A NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION AND MUSCLE FIBER (CELL):
_____ endomysium (endo = inside; myo = muscle; connective tissue fibers that
surround and bind individual muscle cells)
_____ muscle fiber (muscle cell)
_____ nuclei
_____ myofibril (mī-ō-FĪB-ril) (myo = muscle; organized collections of myofilaments in
skeletal and cardiac muscle cells)
_____ sarcomere (SAR-kō-mēre) (sarco = flesh; mero = part; the smallest contractile
unit of a striated muscle cell)
_____ sarcolemma (sar-kō-LEM-uh) (sarco = flesh; lemma = to peel, husk; the cell
membrane of a muscle cell)
_____ sarcoplasm
_____ motor end plate (the part of a muscle cell which contains receptors that bind
neurotransmitters)
_____ motor neuron
INTRODUCTION TO THE NAMING OF MUSCLES:
Muscles are named according to different characteristics. Often two or more
characteristics are applied to the name of a muscle. Use the following
characteristics that are often used to name muscles as you learn the names of
the major human and cat muscles:
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Muscle Action (E.g. the adductor longus muscle adducts the thigh)
Location (E.g. the brachialis muscle is located on the arm. The orbicularis
oculi muscle is located around the eye)
Location of Attachments (E.g. the brachioradialis muscle has its origin in
the arm and its insertion on the radius bone) Direction of Fascicles and
Muscle Fibers (E.g. the fascicles of the rectus abdominis muscle run in
a straight up and down direction)
Muscle Shape (E.g. the deltoid muscle is triangular in shape)
Muscle Size (E.g. the gluteus maximus muscle is the largest of the gluteal
muscles, the gluteus minimus muscle is the smallest of the gluteal
muscles.
Number of Origins (E.g. the biceps brachii muscle has 2 origins; the
triceps brachii muscle has 3 origins)
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MAJOR HUMAN MUSCLES:
1. Identify the following human muscles on models or diagrams. The basis for
the name of the muscle, a brief description of its location, and/or its action are
given in parenthesis.
FACE AND HEAD:
_____ frontalis (also called frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle) (this is anterior
part of a muscle called the epicranius; raises eyebrows and wrinkles the skin of
the forehead)
_____ occipitalis (also called the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle) (this
is the posterior part of the epicranius; pulls scalp anteriorly)
_____ temporalis (tempora = time; pertaining to the temporal bone; synergist to
masseter in chewing)
_____ orbicularis oculi (or-BIH-kū-LAR-ioos OK-u-lī) (orbicularis = a circle;
oculo = eye; encircles the eye and allows blinking, winking, and squinting; also
compresses the tear glands to keep the eyeball continuously moistened)
_____ orbicularis oris (or-BIH-kū-LAR-ioos OR-is) (orb = a circle; oro = mouth;
encircles the lips; closes the mouth and purses the lips as when kissing)
_____ zygomaticus (zygomatic = cheekbone; smiling)
_____ masseter (maseter = chewing; elevates the mandible as when chewing)
NECK:
_____ sternocleidomastoid (STER-nō-KLĪ-dō-MAS-toyd) (extends from the
clavicles and the sternum to the mastoid process of the skull; flexes the head
sideways, forward, or down)
BACK
_____ trapezius (tra-PĒ-zē-us) (trapezius = in the shape of a trapezoid; large
triangular muscle of the neck and upper back; shrugs the shoulders and
hyperextends the head.)
_____ erector spinae (this is really a group of 3 muscles: iliocostalis, longissiumus,
and spinalis; extends back)
_____ rhomboids (rhomboid = diamond shaped; retracts the scapula (square the
shoulders))
_____ latissimus dorsi (la-TIS-ih-mus DOR-sī) (latissimus = widest; dors = back;
extends between the thoracic vertebrae and the humerus; extension, adduction,
and medial rotation at shoulder)
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THORAX
_____ diaphragm (DĪ-a-fram) (dia = across; phragm = wall; used to inhale)
_____ external intercostals (in-ter-KOS-tulz) (external = superficial; inter =
between; costals = ribs; elevates the ribs)
_____ internal intercostals (in-ter-KOS-tulz) (internal = deep; inter = between;
costals = ribs; depresses the ribs)
STOMACH
These four muscles support and protect the organs of the abdominal
cavity and aid in breathing.
_____ rectus abdominis (REK-tus ab-DOM-in-is) (rectus = straight or parallel;
abdominus = belly; “sixpack”)
_____ external oblique (ō-BLĒK) (external = superficial; oblique = diagonal; the
fibers of this muscle are directed inferiorly and medially)
_____ internal oblique (internal = deep; the fibers of this muscle run at right angles
to those of the external oblique—inferiorly and laterally)
_____ transversus abdominis (transverse = horizontal; abdominus = belly; this is
the deepest of the abdominal muscles; the muscle fibers run in a transverse
direction)
SHOULDERS:
_____ deltoid (DEL-toyd) (deltoid = in the shape of a triangle; this is a common site
for intramuscular injections; abducts at the shoulder)
CHEST:
_____ pectoralis major (PEK-tō-RA-lis) (pectus = chest; major = greater; extends
between the chest and the humerus; flexion, adduction, and medial rotation at
shoulder)
_____ serratus anterior (serratus = saw; protracts and holds scapula against chest
wall)
ARMS AND FOREARMS: (
_____ biceps brachii (BĪ-seps BRĀ-kē-ī)(biceps = two heads; brachialis = arm;
flexes the forearm)
_____ brachialis (brachi = arm; flexes forearm)
_____ brachioradialis (brachi = arm; radi = radius; flexes forearm)
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Biol 2101 Human Anatomy
_____ triceps brachii (TRI-seps BRĀ-kē-ī) (triceps = three heads; brachialis =
arm; extends the forearm)
BUTTOCKS:
_____ gluteus medius (GLOO-tē-us mē-dē-us) (gluteus = buttocks; medius =
middle; this muscle is deep to the gluteus maximus; abducts and medially rotates
the thigh)
_____ gluteus maximus (GLOO-tē-us MAK-si-mus) (gluteus = buttocks;
maximus = largest; forms most of the prominence of the buttock; extends and
laterally rotates the thigh)
_____ gluteus minimus (gluteus = buttocks; minimus = smallest; this is smalles
and deepest of gluteal muscles; abducts and medially rotates the thigh)
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Biol 2101 Human Anatomy